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Samojederne på Bolshesemel- ska tundran ega omkring 30,000 renar. Omkr[ing] 1816 egde de öfver 100,000 renar. Several waves of epizootics took place among the reindeer in the 19th century. As mentioned by Krupnik, there were also epizootics earlier since the development of large-scale reindeer herding among the European Nenets during the 18th century, but there is no documentation of them available. The Bolʹšezemelʹskaja Nenets lost considerable numbers of reindeer in the 1830s and 1840s epizootics, but also in the process in which the so-called Ižma Nenets developed a large-scale and more commercial type of reindeer herding. (Krupnik 1993: 154; 1976; Chomič 1966: 58–59) The Samoyeds in the Bolshezemelskaja tundra own a total about of 30,000 reindeer. In 1816 they owned over 100,000 reindeer.
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Samojederne äro passionerade för smör och mjölk, i synnerhet fil (smetanja). Hvarje Samojed, som äger medel dertill, förer derföre med desse articlar. Han köper smöret till 50 kop. För ugnstekt mjölk betala de 8 Rubel tunnan, inrymmande 20 pud kött. Om vintern uppsmälta de surmjölken i kittel The Samoyeds are passionate about butter and milk, especially smetana. Every capable Samoyed brings these articles with him. He buys butter for 50 kopecks. For oven-baked milk they pay 8 roubles per barrel, which can hold 20 pud of meat. In winter, they melt sour milk in a cooking pot. Af denna passion synes tråkigt. Ingen Samojed på Timanska och Kaninska tundran um- bär bröd, om han har medel att forse sig dermed. Derföre finnas på Kaninska och Timanska tund- brödoffentlig mjöl-magasiner. The Timan and Kanin Samoyeds cannot do without bread, if they can obtain it. Therefore, there are public flour shops in the Kanin and Timan tundras. Häraf synes troligt, att Samojj[eder]. småningom skola öfvergifva på nomadiserande lifnadssätt och få nedslå fasta bopålar samt egna sig åt bo- skapsskötsen. Också finnes vid floderna otroligt mycket äng. Den aldra minsta delen förbrukas af här bofasta Ryssar. Sjelfva tundrorna kunde genom ringa odling blifva äng. On this evidence, it seems probable that the Samoyeds will eventually abandon the nomadic way of life and resign themselves to permanent housing and indulge in cattle farming. In addition, there is an incredible abundance of meadows by the rivers. The Russians living here use only the smallest part of these. The tundra itself could become a meadow through a little cultivation. Samojederne äta ett hufvudmål om dagen, som intages på aftonen. Om morgonen äter man hvad som på aftonen qvarblifver. Dessemellan äta de rått kött, när lusten påkommer. This corresponds somewhat to Chomič (1966: 139), according to whom one usually eats three times a day. The meal is cooked for lunch and dinner, and tea is always served. More recent ethnographies tend to give a similar picture; Stammler notes that spices and sauces such as mustard and ketchup have entered the tundra kitchen (Stammler 2005: 91–99). Se cap. 3: kött Sid. 105 The Samoyeds eat one main meal a day, which is eaten in the evening. In the morning they eat what was left in the evening. In between these meals they eat raw meat when they get hungry. See Chapter 3: meat, page 105.
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Cap 2. In the following two pages, Castrén describes Nenets diet. It relies on flexible and context-dependent consumption of fish, birds, and reindeer. While birds are always eaten cooked, reindeer and fish are also eaten raw, both warm and frozen. For example, Kušelevskij (1868) describes Nenets food consumption in the mid-19th century. Chapter II Emedan alla Samojeder hafva ett större eller mindre antal renar samt åtminstone i egenskap af legohjon företrädes- vis äfven med renvården, är naturligtvis renköttet deras förnämsta föda. Detta äta så väl rått, TN ңайбарць ʻto eat raw reindeer meat’; пиревы ңамза ʻcooked meat’. som uppkokadt. (Om morgonen kokas köttet med mjöl på soml[iga]. ställen <--> på Kan[inska]. tundran) På dagen äter man råt kött. Om aftonen kokas köttet vanl[igtvis]. De Timm.[Timanska] Samojederne håller sig mest till fisk, ty de hafva små renhjordar. Samojederne samla renblod i blåsor, låta bloden frysa, och i brist på bättre föda koka de häraf en välling, blan- dad med mjöl - kallas Burduk In Siberia and the Arkhangel’sk region the Ru burduk (burda) refers to a meat soup thickened with a considerable amount of flour, Russian salamata, TN я. А bouillon with meat, TN евей. (Dalʹ 1994a: 349; Dal’ 1994b: 12; Chomič 1966: 134) (blod wueijah.) TN вэя ʻblood’ I mycket knusgliga [knussliga] tider kokar man mjöl och vatten jemzeda jah TN ңамзасяда я ʻmeatless soup’. - Purstovae- ra (пусть варятъ). Benmärg TN хэва ʻmarrow’ äta Samojederna rå. Allt i hufvudet uppätes och anses för läckerheter. Ben muskler likaså. Because all Samoyeds have a greater or lesser number of reindeer, including those who work as a hired hand, which is also common in reindeer husbandry, reindeer meat is naturally their principal food. It is eaten raw as well as cooked. (In the morning the meat is cooked with flour (in some places <--> in the Kanin tundra.) During the day, the meat is eaten raw. In the evening the meat is usually cooked. The Timan Samoyeds rely mostly on fish, because they have small reindeer herds. The Samoyeds collect reindeer blood in bladders, let the blood freeze, and in the event of a lack of better food, they cook a gruel of the blood mixed with flour – called Burduk. During very hard times, they use flour and water to make jemzeda jah – Purstovaera (pustʹ varjatʹ). The Samoyeds eat bone marrow raw. Everything in the head is eaten and considered a delicacy. Leg muscles as well. När en ren slagtas, äter man alltid af rått kött sitt lystmäte, kokar derefter, ngt[någonting] i grytan. Det frusna köttet är ej så smakligt som det färska. D[er]före kokar man det like äter man det icke så begeistrad och alldrig sitt lystmäte. Det kokas. When a reindeer is slaughtered, they always eat their fill of the raw meat, after which some is cooked in a cauldron. The frozen meat is not as tasty as fresh. Therefore they do not eat it as eagerly and never eat their fill of it. It is cooked. Fisk torka The Nenets do dry fish and eat it as it is (TN пэхэ) or cooked in fish fat (TN порца). Samojederan inte, utan äta den rå, saltad eller kokt. The Samoyed do not dry fish, but they eat it raw, salted, or cooked. Samojederne dels låta Ryssarne baka sig bröd dels steka de den sjelfve på spett vid harden. TN нянь ʻbread’ refers to the bread formerly bought from the Russians. Bread baked in the fire is called леска or реска, and it can be made flat or in the shape of a baguette. On Kolguev Island, the bread was baked in ovens. (Chomič 1966: 137) Degen göres fast, så att den håller sig kring spettet. Gäst fås af surt bröd. The Samoyeds partly have the Russians bake bread [for them], and partly they fry it themselves on a bread pole by the hearth. The dough is made firm so that it stays around the pole. Guests are served sour bread.
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Samojedens enda husdjur är hunden - liten, livflig med krokig. nacke, och spetsig nos och korta ben. Den ger honom tjenst vid bevakningen af renar samt vid jagt. Samo jedernas hundar hafva en underbar instinkt. Som- liga skälla hela dygnet förut, då varger är i antågande. A Samoyed’s only pet is a dog – small and lively, with a bent neck and pointed nose and short legs. It serves him to guard reindeer as well as for hunting. The Samoyeds’ dogs have a wonderful instinct. They might bark all day before the wolves actually appear.
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sker brunst-tiden, då renarne äro arga kifvas om honorna. happens in the rutting season, when the reindeer wrangle with their antlers.
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Ur nori Ru nora ʻburrow’. fångas räfvar och fjällrackor med saxar. Foxes and Arctic foxes are caught from their burrows with foothold traps. Man brukar ock giftkakor för vargar, räfvar och fjällrackor. Poison cakes are also used for hunting wolves, foxes, and Arctic foxes. Ekorrar fångas med bågar och bössor. Squirrels are hunted with bows and rifles. Fåglar fångas med snara (jeäs, TN есʹ(н) ‘tripwire’ Ostj. Lis). Birds are caught with snares (TN jeäs Ostyak Lis). Bland skogsdjur fångas: bäfver, utter, räf, ekorre, her- melin, fjällracka, varg, hare, filfras, björn, (sobol, i Ljapin, kazben The forest animals that are hunted include beaver, otter, fox, squirrel, ermine, Arctic fox, wolf, hare, wolverine, bear, (sable, in Ljapin, kazben). Foglar: örn, svan, gås, and, snöripa, kaakkuri Finnish kaakkuri ‘red-throated diver’. Birds: eagle, swan, goose, duck, willow grouse, kaakkuri Fisk: ossetra, sterled, njelma, muksun, lake, сы- рокъ, etc. Fish: sea sturgeon, sterlet, sheefish, muksun, burbot, peled, etc. Wildren skjutas med båge, byssa (om våren), jäga dem med hundar på skarsnö, far sjelf på skidor. (Skarsnön bär honom och hunden, men vildrenen skjunker). Wild reindeer are shot with a bow or rifles (in the spring); they drive them with dogs on crusted snow, moving on skis. (The crusted snow can support a hunter and a dog, but the wild reindeer sink into it.) Wildren fångas ock om hösten på det vis, att Samojeden tager en mängd starka (enkom lärda) renar med sig, och då han kommer när vildrenarne, bindar han en rensnara (tiinsiej) TN тынзьʹ(н) ’lasso’. kring dem tama renens horn. Denna löper till vildrenen, börjar stångas med honom, vildrenens horn, fastna deri, och nu drager jägaren honom till sig. Obs. Det Wild reindeer are also hunted in the autumn. A Samoyed takes a lot of strong (specially trained) reindeer with him, and when he approaches the wild reindeer, he binds a reindeer lasso (tiinsiej) around the tame reindeer’s antlers. This reindeer runs to the wild reindeer and begins to butt the other so that the antlers of the wild reindeer get stuck, and now the hunter draws it to him. NB: This
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Obdorska Samojeder Samojederne bruka i allm[änhet]. bössor, men somlinga skjuta äfven med handbågar, som äro (ыn, jog på Ostj. jogol) Pilen är 1) den vanl[igaste]. klump-pilen TN пя’ муңг literally ʻwooden arrow’, also локы муңг, нямд’ муңг ʻantler arrow’, would be possible, but here, нямд’ refers to an antler or horn. Mammoth tusk would be я’ нямд. One also meets mammoth tusk and bone arrows in folklore (see Kuprijanova 1965: 221, 470, 447, 521). «ders klump af träd eller ben (ren, mammuth) - peä mung, njaamdm» hvmed[hvarmed] man skjuter ekorrar, räfvar, foglar, i sket[skynnerhet] djur, hkas[hvilkas] hud man ej vill förderfva, 2) jernpilar TN еся муңг ʻiron arrow’; also ëхота ʻtwo-branched arrow’. (jeese=mung) wid ändan af ett träd med fjädrar. Dessa äro tvågreniga hdmed[hvarmed] skju- tas vildren, björnar och större djur. Obdorsk Samoyeds All the Samoyeds use guns, but some also shoot with bows (TN ыn, in Ostyak jogol). The arrow is 1) «mainly blunt-headed (made from wood bone (reindeer, mammoth) - peä mung, njaamdm),» used for shooting squirrels, foxes, or birds, especially animals whose skin one does not want to spoil, or 2) iron arrows (jeese mung) with a head made from wood with feathers. These are two-headed; wild reindeer, bears, and bigger animals are shot with them. Bågar gillras (Samosträl jadana) TN яданана ‘crossbow, arbalest’. på tundran. Ett snöre af hästtagel är fastbundet vid bågsträng, som fasthålles vid en i jorden fastad sticka. När villdjuret widrör tagel-strån- ger, afskjutes pilen och träffar det i sidan. Bows are set up (crossbow, jadana) in the tundra. A string made of horsehair is tied to the bowstring which is held by a stick fastened in the ground. When a wild animal touches the horsehair, the arrow is fired and hits it in the side. Fjällrackor och räfvar fångas med fälla (janguh; TN яңго ʻtrap’. The leter refers to the picture in the text. saes Ostj.) d The letter refers to the drawing on the manuscript page. är ett lågt träden stylta, hvilande öfver ett löst trädst[ycke]. c, The letter refers to the drawing on the manuscript page. hvarvid en fiskben (för rafvar) och (för fjällrackor) ister af hafsfiske a The letter refers to the drawing on the manuscript page. (walross; hafsdjur halé') är fästad medelst ett snöre b. The letters refers to the drawing on the manuscript page. Arctic foxes and foxes are caught with traps (TN janguh; Ostyak saes) In the figure, d is a wooden stilt resting over a loose piece of tree c, whereby a fishbone (for foxes) and (for Arctic foxes) the fat of a sea fish or walrus a (walrus; sea animal halé') is attached with a string b. Man fångar ock med saxar räfvar, vargar, fjällrackor. - jeese-jangu TN еся яңго ‘foothold trap’ literally ʻiron trap’. [See also ijenguh]. (Korde saes) Foxes, wolves, and Arctic foxes are also caught with foothold traps – jees-jangu (Korde saes)
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Samojederne kallas af Wologdska Syrjänerna: Jögra, Contemporary Komi jögra ʻjugra‘. This could go back to the practice of contrasting the Bolʹšezemelʹskaja Nenets with the other Nenets of European Russia. For example, the Kanin and Timan Nenets contrasted themselves with the “Jugor Nenets” (jugorskie nency) in the 17th century; there was also a contrast between the Forest and Jugor Nenets (Dolgich 1970: 15, 23–25). Jögra- jas, af Ischemska Syrjänerna: Jaran, Komi jaran ʻNenets’. af Ostja- ker, Qoю-choj l[eller]. Orjach. Obdorsk Khanty or-jaχ ʻNenets’ (or ʻpeople’; or-χŭj ʻNenets man; or-neŋ ʻNenets woman’). Typical Khanty expressions for the Nenets are DN (Southern Khanty) jărǝn, V (Eastern Khanty) jărɣan, Kaz (Northern Khanty) jŏrǝn. (UMF) The Samoyeds are called Jögra or Jögrajas by the Wologda Syrians; Jaran by the Izhma Syrians; Qoю-choj or Orjach by the Ostyaks.
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Tundra betecknar ett skoglöst ställe. Här finnas höjder, dalar, floder, sjöar och kärr. Bland jordarter förek[ommer]. land och sten i största ymnighet, äfven lera och svart jord. Den sv[arta]. jorden synes hafva uppstått af torkad dy och förekommer mest vid låga och fuktiga ställen. Äfven den är ej uteslutande tundran tillhörig, utan anträffas äfven ofta wid floder. Det är i sådan jord inom mammuth-ben anträffas; emedan jorden är fuktig, snö bildrar sig deri en is, som under sommaren ej smälter. Isen har räddat mammuth-benen See [Jengora]. från förrutnelse. Tundra denotes a forestless place. There are heights, valleys, rivers, lakes, and marshes. Among soil types, there is a variety of land and stone categories; there is also clay and black earth. The black earth seems to have arisen from dried sludge and it occurs most frequently in low and humid places. It does not belong exclusively to the tundra, but is also often found by the rivers. It is in such soil that mammoth bones are found; because the earth is damp, snow forms ice in it, and the ice does not melt during the summer. The ice has saved the mammoth bones from decay.
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till vintern och förvara i tunnor kråkbär, hundbär (koiran juolukka), Finnish koiranjuolukka (Vaccinium uliginosum). tranbär och några andra, som ej ätas for the winter and store them in barrels. Crowberries, bog bilberries (koiran juolukka) cranberries, and some others, which are not eaten. Bland husdjur finnes blott hunden och tämda fjällräckor. Kattar brukas ej. Hunden är liten, ullig med spetsig nos. En god renhund hör till Samojedens förnäm- sta egendom. Dogs and tamed Arctic foxes are the only domestic animals. They have no cats. Their dogs are small and woolly and have a pointed nose. A good reindeer dog is the Samoyed’s most significant possession.
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luger fånga Samojeder ej, de ega här ej redskap - nåt af tåg. The Samoyeds do not hunt beluga whales; they have no equipment – rope nets – for it. Syrjänerne uppehålla sig blott den besätte sommar=tiden vid hafvet, emedan renarne ej uthärda hettan i skogen. Andra tider nomadi- sera de i skogiga trakter vid Uusa och ders bifloder (se handl[ingen].) Presumably, Castrén is referring to his own texts about the reindeer-herding Komi, the so-called Ižma Komi. See Castrén 2019: 517–523. The Syrians only reside by the sea in the summertime, because the reindeer cannot endure the heat in the forest. At other times they nomadise in the wooded areas around the River Uusa and its tributaries (see document.) Om sommaren komma till tundror- na en otrolig myckenhet gäss för att rugga, svanor i mindre antal. In the summer an incredible number of geese come to the tundra to mate, swans in smaller numbers. På tundrorna ufinnas möss och rottor af olika slag. There are different kinds of mice and rats in the tundra. Bland foglor är snöripan utesl.[uteslutande] tundran tillhög.[tillhörig] The willow grouse is the only bird that belongs to the tundra. Träd på tundran finnas ej - utom qwarters höga björkbuskar, som ej duga till brän- sle, som Samojj[eder]. måste skaffa från långt afständ och ofta föra med sig de vid hafvet, ställa de med med sig och samla drif-ved. There are no trees in the tundra – except birch bushes a quarter of a metre high, which are not suitable for burning. The Samoyeds have to obtain firewood from a long distance and they often drive by the sea, settle there, and collect driftwood. Bär på tundran: hjortron i ofantlig mkenh[myckenhet], som Samojj[eder]. om sommaren samla Berries in the tundra: cloudberries in immense quantities. The Samoyeds gather them in the summer
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Fattiga Samojeder fiska dels i sjöar och floder om sommaren, dels äflas med hafs- fånge. Poor Samoyeds partly fish in lakes and rivers in the summer, and partly practise sea hunting. Rika Samojeder, på BS[Bolshezemelskaja tundran], som äflas med hafsfånge kunna blott taga med sig ett ringa antal renar, emedan der ej finnas tillräcklig mossa. In the Bolshezemelskaja tundra, those rich Samoyeds who practise sea hunting can take only a small number of reindeer with them [to the seashore], because there is not enough reindeer moss. I Januari och Februari idkas på Bolshes[emelskaja]. tundran ej hafsfånge (för stormer?) In January and February sea hunting is not practised in the Bolshesemelskaja tundra (because of storms?) De som under vinter ej drifva hafsfången fånga горные зверы. Those who do not hunt sea mammals during the winter hunt land mammals. Högst sju eller åtta fånga på en båt, minst 4. Den hvars båten är behåller tvenne delar af fångsten, en för sig, en för båten. Fångas нерпа (om vintern obetydligt, mest om vår och höst - den släpper om sommaren ej när sig, men om vår och höst sofver hon på isen och är lätt afkomlig), заецъ och моржъ - dessa skjutas, eller först med kroken, М[орский]. Заецъ skjutes och tages med nosok Ru nosok ʻharpoon’. ur vattnet; моржъ tages först med nosok, så med spjut. Морж skjutes sällan emedan ders hud ej trängs af kulan. Bä- There can be a maximum of seven or eight hunters in a boat, at least four. The one who owns the boat keeps two parts of the catch, one for himself, one for the boat. They hunt ringed seals (in winter insignificant, mostly in spring and autumn – they do not let hunters near them in the summer, but in spring and autumn they sleep on the ice and are easily approached), bearded seals, and walruses – with a hook. Bearded seals are shot and taken out of the water with a harpoon a walrus is taken first with a harpoon, them with a spear. Walruses are seldom shot because a bullet cannot penetrate their skin.
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Bolshe-Semelska Samojeder lyda under tre voloster: Pu- stosersk, Ischma och Ustsylimsk. Alla Samojj[eder]. byta upp om hösten från hafvet, och färdas små- ningom en hvar till sin volost, der de träffa kring Jul; för betala der sin jasak, förse sig med mjöl, krut, bly, smor, mjölk, snart afyttra renhudar, samt andra djurskinn, förja- ga sig åter till hafvet. The Bolshezemelskaja Samoyeds are subject to three volosts: Pustozersk, Izhma, and Ustsylimsk. All the Samoyeds move away from the sea in the autumn, and travel little by little to their own volosts, where they meet around Christmastime, to pay there their yasak tax, provide themselves with flour, gunpowder, lead, butter, and milk, to quickly sell reindeer hides, as well as other animal skins, and return to the sea. Uusa och Petschora, Ob och andra strora elfvar kls[kallas] af Sam[ojeder]. jam, haf. TN ям’ ʻsea’. As noted, the Nenets use ямʹ to refer to large rivers, e.g. Санэроʹʹ ямʹ (or Санэроʹʹ яха) ʻRiver Pečora’, Саля ямʹ ʻRiver Obʹ. The Uusa and Petschora, Ob, and other great rivers are called jam ‘sea’ by the Samoyeds.
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På ön Kolgujeff Kolguev (TN Холгов). Castrén’s knowledge represents a typical example of second-hand information on Kolguev, which as an island was seldom visited by outsiders. Nenets families had possibly already moved to the island in the late 18th century, but during the 19th, several families definitely settled on Kolguev. Moving onto the island and living there was based on mutual relations with Russian merchants and Pomors, with whom the Nenets had contracts over herding reindeer and trade. (Lepëchin 1805: 193–196 Trevor-Battye 2004; Podekrat 1936: 73; Chomič 1966: 17, n11; Lukin 2011: 25–33) lefva flere Samojeder, nomadiserande med renhjordar och idkande hafsfånge. Sina renar öfverföra de om sommaren med båtar. Hafsfån- get och landsfånget är här forträffligt. På landet fångas псеци, hvita björnar (som gå på hafvet och land), (räfvar mycket litet, en sällsynthet och wargar litet.) Ryssar föra dit mjöl och andra förnödenheter, ty de som bo der, röra sig sällan d[eri]från. Ifrån Sv[jatoi]. Nos fördas man på en dag med segel, från Kolokolsk[aja]. Guba på ett dygn. Här finnes en bergsträckning, som löper från sydvest till no[rr]. På södra sidan är berget lägre, höjer sig och går brant i hafvet på mots[att]. sidan. On the island of Kolguev there are several living, nomadising with reindeer herds and practising sea hunting. They transfer the reindeer by boats in the summer. Sea and land hunting is rewarding here. On the land, they hunt Arctic foxes, polar bears (which walk on the sea and land), very few foxes, which are a rarity, and a few wolves. The Russians bring flour and other necessities there, as those who live there rarely travel away [to the mainland]. One can go there in a day by sailing from Svjatoi Nos, 24 hours from Kolokolskaja Guba. There is a mountain range running from the south-west to the north. It is lower on the southern side of the mountains, where the mountain is lower; on the opposite side the land rises and goes steeply into the sea. Likasom de Kaninska och Timanska, så syssels[ätta]. sig äfven de Pustoserska Samojj[eder]. med hafsfånge. De Ishemska Ru ižemskie samojedy ʻIžma Nenets’ (Dronova & Istomin 2003; Habeck 2005) See [Kaninska]. hålla sig utesl.[uteslutande] till renskötseln, nomadisera sydligare, i skogiga trakten. Similarly to the Kanin and Timan [Samoyeds], the Pustozersk Samoyeds also practise sea hunting. The Ishem [Samoyeds] keep themselves only by herding reindeer, and nomadise in more southern, wooded areas.
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Samojederne samlas vid Pustosersk Jul-tiden för att afyttra sina hudar och skinvaror eller dermed be- tala sin skulld åt Ryssar, samt förse sig med mjöl, krut, bly och andra förnödenheter. Wid den- na tillfälle samlar starschinan Ru staršina ʻchief’. The tribute paid in furs, yasak, was habitually collected by the head of the family, who disbursed them in the administrative centres. After the 1822/1835 reform (see [044. yasak]), this customary system became legally regulated. In Siberia, the chiefs were occasionally called princes, Ru knjažec, a practice dating back to before the Russian conquest. (Perevalova 2019; Lëzova 2000; Forsyth 1992: 28–47; Alekseev (ed.) 2010: 117–136) deras skatt, utgörande omkring 3,30 Rub[el] Arf för hvarje Samo- jed. Efter 2 veckors fylleri begifva de sig åter till hafvet. During Christmastime the Samoyeds gather in Pustozersk in order to sell their hides and skins or to pay back their debts to the Russians, as well as to provide for themselves flour, gunpowder, lead, and other necessities.Their leader collects taxes on the same occasion, about 3.30 roubles for each Samoyed. After two weeks of drunkenness, they go back to the sea. På Timanska och Kaninska tundran fara star- schina omkring och samla skatten. In the Timan and Kanin tundras, the leader travels around to collect the tax.
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Näset Savoinoj Nos är mycket smalt. Här plägas Samojj[eder]. om hösten jaga med renar псецъ till [yttersta] yttersta ändan af näset. Somliga skjutas, andra klubbas i vattnet, der de klubbas. - Псецъ lifnärer sig af морскиiй зверъ och uppehåller sig i mängd vid hafvet. Cape Savoinoj Nos is very narrow. The Samoyeds tend to hunt Arctic foxes and reindeer at the very end of the cape in the autumn. Some are shot, others are hammered [should be: driven] into the water, where they are clubbed. The Arctic foxes eat sea mammals and reside in abundance by the sea. Liksom Lappar vilja ej Samojeder försälja något åt en främmande, The commercial contacts were permanent and based on transgenerational continuity. See [Mezen merchants] om han förut genom brännvin ej gjort sig till vän. Svarta räfvar försälja rika Samojj[eder]. ej för ngt[någonting], ehuru de skola hafva dem uppstapplade i stora högar. Like the Lapps, the Samoyeds do not want to sell anything to a stranger if he has not previously made himself a friend through vodka. Rich Samoyeds do not sell black fox skins for anything, although they can have them stacked in great heaps. På Waigats fångas Sam[ojeder] om sommaren моржи - skjuta de på is (utan karbas) Моржи sofva på is - äro fredliga, se mskan[människan] men ligga de oaktad. Om sommaren fångas ock нерпы s[a]mt заеци. Hvita björnar finnas här om sommaren ej, gå till sommaren på fasta landet. In Vaigatsh, the Samoyeds hunt walruses in the summer; they shoot them on the ice (without karbas). The walruses sleep on the ice – they are peaceful, they see man, but they lie indifferently. In the summer seals are also hunted, as well as bearded seals. There are no polar bears here in the summer; they go to the mainland in the summer.
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På Kanin Nos finnas vinter-tiden få Samojeder, ty landet är litet och renmossa saknas. «Landet är vid hafsstränderna sankt, och då mycket snö l. regn faller om hösten, lägger sig öfverallt en tjock isskorpa, som hindrar renarne att uppgräfva mossan.» There are few Samoyeds on Kanin Nos during the wintertime because the land is small and there is no reindeer moss. «The land is mossy by the sea shores, and when it is snowing or raining a lot in the autumn, a thick ice crust settles everywhere, and it prevents the reindeer from digging moss.» Somliga stadna der utan renar och idka under vintern hafsfångst. För öfrigt vistas äfven den Kaninska tundrans be- byggare under vintern vid den Timanska stranden. Some stay there without reindeer and practise sea fishing during the winter. The rest of the residents of the Kanin tundra stay on the Timan shore during the winter. På Kanin Nos drifves fånge öfverallt vid hafvet, men förnämligast på venstra sidan om Kap Mikulkin, der fångsten är mycket gifvande. At Kanin Nos, they hunt everywhere in the sea, but mainly on the left-hand side of Cape Mikulkin, where the catch is very rewarding. Ryssarna idka hafsfånge med stora båtar (карбасъ), Ru karbas TN харбас is a Russian, especially Pomor vessel with oars and sails. They were used both as river and sea vessels for fishing and hunting sea mammals. (Lepëchin 1805: 10–11; ESBE 1895: 472-473 (karbasʹʹ)) som ros af 8, 12-16 personer. De taga i sin sold mest Samo- jeder och betala dem antingen contacter eller gifva en del af fångsten. Wanligtvis stå Samojederne i skuld Several sources mention the incurring of debts among the indigenous peoples, including the Nenets, in relation to taxation and trade. The indigenous peoples themselves had been complaining about misconduct since at least 1682. On commercial fishing, see note [017. Mezen merchants]. (Schrenk 1848: 487-492; Islavin 1847: 54–66; Lehtisalo 1956: LVIII–LIX; 1959: 87–88; Forsyth 1992: 158–163; Alekseev (ed.) 2010: 101; Latkin: 106–107; 121–122) hos Ryssar och aftjena härigenom skulden. The Russians engage in sea hunts with large boats (karbasʹʹ), which are rowed by eight or 12-16 people. They hire mostly Samoyeds and pay them either in cash or by giving them a part of the catch. Usually, the Samoyeds are in debt to the Russians and they are settling their debt. Somliga rika Samojeder hafva dylika båtar, men de fattigare, som fiska på egen hand, idka fånge med små båtar, som kunna ros af 2ne[tvenne] personer, i hafs- vikar. Some rich Samoyeds have such boats, but the poorer ones, who fish on their own, practise sea hunting with small boats that are rowed by two men in the bays. Man fångar: 1. тюленъ, hvaraf finnas tre slag a) нерпа af annan родъ b) лысунъ c) серка. Ru serka ʻGreenland seal’ (Phoca groenlandica Erxleben). Young Greenland seals with gray skin are called serka in Russian. They hunt: 1. seal, of which there are three kinds: a) ringed seal b) Greenland seal c) serka. 2. мосркiй заецъ, 3. белуга 4. моржъ, 5. косатка Ru kosatka ʻorca’ (Orcinus orca) 6. Оскуй Oskuj derives from the Komi ош ʻbear’. TN сэр” варк. See [Kyvkud] (isbjörn) 2. bearded seal, 3. whale 4. walrus, 5. orca. 6. Oskuj (polar bear)
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Samojeder och Ryssar skjuta räfvar, Fox furs were one of the most significant items in trade and taxation. They were hunted with different kinds of traps, such as snares and foothold traps, and with crossbows. (Chomič 1966: 70–71) vargar och andra djur på följ. vis: Man gör af snö en fyrkant sig - ett rum Man gör af snö ett rum till formen en fyrkant och så stort, att en mska[människa] beqvämt kan ligga derstädes. Wid ena ändan af anstalten finnes en öppnung hvarigenom skytten kryper in i rummet, som han efter ingången betäcker. På andra sidan finnas i hvardera hör- net ett litet hål, genom hka[hvilka] skytten lurar på och skjuter villdjuret, som lockas till stället genom utfall beten, af skjälkött, renkött m.m. The Samoyeds and Russians shoot foxes, wolves, and other animals in the following manner: one makes a square shaped-room of snow. The room is made so large that a man can comfortably lie there. At one end of the building there is an opening through which the shooter crawls into the room, which he covers after entering. On the other side, in each corner, there is a small hole, through which the shooter lurks and shoots wild animals which are attracted to the place with the help of baits such as seal and reindeer meat. Räfvar Fattiga Timanska Samojeder fånga vildren om våren, mindre om hösten i skogiga trakter, om- kring floden Mesen. Man fångar vildrenen med skytte, stundom äfven med snaror. - På tundran finns ej vildren. Likaså fånga Timm[Timanska]. och äfven andra Samojj.[Samojeder] dels med bössa, dels i gropar. Before the development of a pastoralist reindeer economy, hunting wild reindeer provided the Nenets with food, materials for the tent, clothing, and utensils such as rope. They are still hunted, but on a lesser scale. Wild reindeer could be hunted collectively or individually. It took place on the customary migration routes of the reindeer or in their autumn pastures. In collective hunting the reindeer were driven to specifically built corridors and shot in the narrower part of the corridor. Additionally, reindeer were speared when they were crossing rivers during the migration. Individually, the wild reindeer could be killed in a chase or with the help of reindeer that was used to attract them or by using crossbows together with a tripwire. (Haakansson 2000; Fëdorova 2016; Anderson et al. 2019) På Timanska tundran finns här och der i skogiga trakter björnar, The Nenets are known to have hunted both polar bears (TN сэрʹ варк) and brown bears (TN варк) and, as noted by Chomič, there seem to have been regulations and restrictions related to brown bears but not so much to the polar ones, although the polar bear was considered sacred. The polar bear was hunted mainly for its fur and fat. (Lehtisalo 1924: 50–53; Lehtisalo 1956: 181b; Chomič 1966: 69–70; 135) i synnerhet vid floden Pjosja. Men de äro af spakt lynne, gå med boskap i bete, utan att skada dem. The Nenets are known to have hunted both polar bears (TN сэрʹ варк) and brown bears (TN варк) and, as noted by Chomič, there seem to have been regulations and restrictions related to brown bears but not so much to the polar ones, although the polar bear was considered sacred. The polar bear was hunted mainly for its fur and fat. (Lehtisalo 1924: 50–53; Lehtisalo 1956: 181b; Chomič 1966: 69–70; 135) Foxes The poor Timan Samoyeds hunt wild reindeer in the spring, less so in the autumn, in wooded areas around the River Mesen. Wild reindeer are shot and sometimes also snared. – There are no wild reindeer on the tundra. Similarly, the Timan and also other Samoyeds hunt partly with rifles, partly with the help of pits. Bears can be found here and there in the Timan tundra’s wooded areas, especially by the River Pjosja. Nevertheless, they are calm-tempered, and graze with cattle without harming them.
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Timanska tundran (Тиманскiй берегъ) Timanskij bereg refers to the Timan tundra. It is a plain stretching from the River Pëša to Pečora Bay. (NAO-ES: 154, 256–257) är till större delen bevuxen med svag björkskog. Denna tundra börjar från floden Nes och sträcker sig till Petshora. Landet är lågt, tufvigt. Här finnes och berg, Ти- манскiй каменъ, som består af синiй каменъ. I bergsklyftor finnes slipsten. Från Nes till Petshora räknas omkr[ing]. 450 verst. Innevanarne på dna[denna] tundra, som vid sista revision utg[öres]. 450 själar mk.[människor], lifnära sig vår och sommar af fiske i sjöar och floder, haf här finnes i mgd[mängd]. De fånga sik, Ru sig, TN палкурʹ ʻEuropean whitefish’ (Coregonus lavaretus). gädda, TN сяторэй ʻNorthern pike’ (Esox lucius). пеледа, Ru pelyadʹ (also syrok), TN пайха ʻpeled’ (Coregonus peled). голциа, кумжа. Ru kumža ʻbrown trout’ (Salmon trutta). Om hösten meta de navaga. The Timan tundra (Timanskij bereg) consists for the most part of low birch forest. The area begins at the River Nes and extends to the River Petshora. The country is low, with hummocks, and there is also a mountain, Timanskij kamenʹ, which is formed of blue stone. In ravines, there are grindstones. From the Nes to the Petshora it is approximately 450 versts. The residents of the tundra, according to the last revision 450 souls, subsist in the spring and summer on catching fish in the lakes and rivers and the ocean, which are abundant here. They fish for whitefish, pike, peled, golica, and trout. In the autumn, they seine for navaga. Om vintern fånga de fillfraser och räfvar, i ringa mängd. Pustoserska bönder och Mesenska borgare Commercial hunting of sea mammals and fur-bearing animals and fishing were mainly a joint practice of the Nenets and the Russian Pomors in the 19th-century European Arctic. The communities that managed seasonal hunting and fishing practices (Ru edoma, TN нядʹʹма) were based on intraethnic family ties and long-term interethnic cooperation. The Nenets were usually hired by Russian merchants. Alternatively, there were also permanent, transgenerational commercial relations between the Nenets and Pomors, who would regularly buy Nenets hunting and fishing products. (Lepëchin 1805: 223; Schrenk 1848: 487-492; Krupnik 1993; Maslov 1934; Terleckij 1934; Lašuk 1958: 120–134 Lehtisalo 1956: XXXIX–LVII; 1959: 87–88) leja dem att föra sina foro foror (särdeles fisk) till Jul-marknaden The seasonal markets were central commercial, social, and entertainment events in the area and the Nenets visited them regularly in order to trade, pay the tribute, socialise, and go to church. Nenets visiting the Mezenʹ market were already mentioned in one of the earliest written sources concerning the Nenets, on April 15th 1545, “Order with no conviction, to Kanin ja Tiusk Samoyeds” (<>Žalovannaja nesudimaja gramota Kaninskim i Tiuskim Samoedam), where, to be precise, the market is said to take place in the village of Lampožnja, near Mezenʹ. The market was set to take place in early January at the end of the 18th century and it was called the Epiphany Market (Kreščenskaja jarmarka). Other important markets in the European Arctic took place in Pustozersk, Ustʹ-Cilʹma, and Ižma, and later also in Nesʹ. (Okladnikov 2009: 306–322; See also Castrén 2019: 463–464) i Mesen. In the winter, they hunt Arctic foxes and foxes in small numbers. The Pustozersk peasants and the Mezen merchants hire them to bring their loads (especially fish) to the Christmas market in Mezen. Bolshesemelska tundran sträcker sig åter från Petshora omkr[ing]. 1000 verst till Ural. Landet är vid hafskusten lågt. Ini landet finnas höga berg,från hka[hvilka] löpa flere floder. bland dem äro mest anmärkningsvärda: 1) Коротаика, omkr[ing]. 700 verst fr[ån]. Pustosersk, der man om hösten fångar omuler (o-мылъ), Ru omulʹ, TN явʹ халя ʻ Arctic cisco’ (Coregonus autumnalis). 2) Kara, som utgör gränsen emellan Mesenska kretsen och den Beresovska kretsen The town or fort (ostrog) of Berezov was founded in 1593 as a stronghold of Russian colonisation. From then on, it served as one of the most important points of governing in the West Siberian North. As the newly colonised territories of Siberia were geographically organised under administrative units called uezd at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Berezov uezd took care of the westernmost regions. It was also called okrug and komissarstvo. (Alekseev (ed.) 2010: 35, 42, 44.) i Sibirien. På dna[denna] sidan om floden finnes Bolshesemel ska Samojeder, på den andra Karatsheja. Karačejskie samojedy or Karačejskaja samojadʹ derived from the Tundra Nenets name Харючи and denotes a large group of Nenets living in the Polar Urals, Yamal Peninsula, and regions east of the River Ob’. See [Karatseja] [Karatseja] Desse sednare fiska om sommaren i särskilda floder och sjöar, äflas äfven med hafsfång. Om vintern fånga ock räfvar, fil- frisar, skjuta äfven vargar med bössar och med bågar. Hermeliner och räfvar fångar man med fällor, klde[kallade] Мыкуломой, sätter till bete ren-talg. Bolshsem[elska]. Samojeder taga 2, 3-7 hustrur, efter råd och förmögenhet. Köpa sina hustrur och betala för dem 40-100 renar. De skiljas ock vid sina hustrun och hvardera parten gifter sig för andra gången. If a man was able to take care of a bigger family, he might take another wife. See [Samojeden kan taga] The Bolshemelskaja tundra extends from the River Petshora for around 1000 versts to the Ural Mountains. The land is low on the sea coast. Inland there are high mountains, from which several rivers flow. The most notable among them are: 1) the Korotaika, around 700 versts from Pustozersk, where omuls (omylʹʹ) are caught in the autumn, and 2) the Kara, which forms the boundary between the Mezen uezd and the Berezov uezd in Siberia. On this side of the river, there are Bolshezemelskaja Samoyeds, on the other Karatshej [Samoyeds]. The latter fish in the summer in distinct rivers and lakes, and they also practise sea fishing. In winter, they hunt Arctic foxes and foxes and also shoot wolves with guns and bows. Ermine and foxes are caught with traps, called Mykulomoj; reindeer fat is used as bait. The Bolshezemelskaja Samoyeds take two or three to seven wives, depending on their wealth. [They] buy their wives and pay 40-100 reindeer for them. They also get divorced from their wives and each party can marry for a second time.