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De Samojeder, som under vinter idka hafsfiske, nomadise rа äfven med sina renar vid hafvet. Those Samoyeds who during the winter are engaged in sea fishing also live with their reindeer by the sea. Kaninska Samojeder meta navaga Ru navaga, TN наваңа ʻnavaga’. (Eleginus nawaga). om hösten under is i floder, göra af bly en maschin af följ[ande]. utseende. Description and picture missing. Navaga metas om hösten, är mager om vintern. The Kanin Samoyeds fish for navaga with a seine in the autumn under the river ice; they make a device of lead with the following appearance [description and picture missing]. Navaga are fished for with a seine in the autumn; they are lean in the winter. Om sommaren fånga ock några få i floder камбала Ru kambala, TN пелха ʻEuropean plaice’ (Pleuronectes platessa). och голци Ru golec, TN няңгэхей ʻArctic char’ (Salvelinus alpinus). med nät. In the summer some also catch European plaice and Arctic char with nets in the rivers. Om vintern fångar man псецъ fjällracka, лисицъ (räfvor), utan medelst skydd äfven med кулома (Ijenguh), Most probably TN еся яңго ‘foothold trap’, literally ʻiron trap’. Trapping was practised from November to March, when the fox fur was at its most beautiful and valuable. The traps were set just under the snow so that the bait, seal, lemming, or fat, would be below the wind. Often, the front leg was trapped. Foxes were also trapped with dead-fall and cage traps (пя яңго) and through communal hunting, in which a group of foxes was driven to an open space, for example a frozen lake cover, and then shot. (Chomič 1966: 66-68.) som är alldeles lik en råttfälla, blott något större. In winter Arctic foxes and foxes are also hunted with traps such as kuloma (Ijenguh), which are very similar to a rat trap, only slightly bigger. Fattiga Samojeder kunna ej sysselsätta sig med промышление i hafvet eme- dan härtill fordras båtar, fock och andra stora anstalter, redskap m.m. Om det händes, att hösten är våt ocj slaskig och om derpå följes stränga froster, så kunna Samojederne ej qvarstadna till vintern vid Kanin Nos. Här är landet mycket lågt uch sankt, emedan samlar sig på tundran, och efter frosten kunna renarna ej för-skaffa sig bete. Poor Samoyeds are unable to engage in seafaring activities, because it requires boats, a headsail and other major preparations, equipment, etc. If it happens that the autumn is wet and sloppy and therefore there are severe frosts, the Samoyeds cannot stay on the Kanin Peninsula until winter. The country is very low and boggy, and that is why [the frost] accumulates on the tundra, and after the frost the reindeer cannot find food. Wid Kanin Nos finnes треска, men man kan här ej fånga den, emedan här ej kutterna äro mycket grunda, och långre ut finnes ej ej hamn, inga öar, intet skydd mot storm och oväder, der, som ofta inträffas. There are cod off the shores of Kanin Nos, but you cannot catch them here, because the bays are not very shallow, and further out there are no harbours, no islands, no protection against storms and bad weather, which often occur.
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Kaninska Samojeder äro rikare än Timanska, Before the mid-19th century, when Castrén was travelling in the European Arctic, large-scale nomadic reindeer herding was developing fast, but, as shown by Krupnik (1976; 1993: 171–80), it never meant a stable number of reindeer herds, but rather there was a constant change in the number of herds as a result of ecological, political, and economic factors. In addition, it is important to note that instead of a total shift, there were always herders with fewer reindeer, which also means more reliance on fishing and hunting. The Kanin and Timan Nenets seem to have shifted to a pastoralist economy before the Bolʹšezemelʹskaja ones, which is why they also had more reindeer in the early 19th century. (See Tuisku 1999: 58–65; Stammler 2005: 62–66; Anderson 2014; Stepanoff et al. 2017; Dolgich 1970: 23–25.) de der åter äro mycket fattiga. Rika Samojj[eder]. i Kanin hafver ändå till 2000 renar, få hafva blott 2 eller 3, haf- va så många, omkring 10 hafva 1000, många 5-600 fattiga hafva 25-50. Bland Timanska Samojeder hafva blott 2 eller 3 pers. 500 Samojj. The number of reindeer is one indicator of the development of a large-scale pastoralist reindeer economy. The variation in the sizes of the herds is not only a marker of economic stratification, but rather indicates that there were different kinds of economic strategies among the Nenets. Those who owned only a few reindeer used them as draught animals and focused on fishing and hunting, and were most probably hired by Russian or Komi merchants. With a few hundred reindeer, one could live by selling hunting products, whereas with thousands of reindeer, there was a possibility of living on reindeer products alone. (See Krupnik 1976.) As noted recently, the number of reindeer not only gave prestige and enabled movement but also tied the large-scale reindeer herders to the tundra and the herd (Golovnev 2004; Stepanoff et al. 2017). It is rather perplexing how fast the combination of large herds and the ability to move in the tundra became emblematic of the Nenets way of life, TN ненэй илеңгана, although pastoralism was still developing in the early 19th century. This is most probably related to the prestige related to large herds, but also their value in exchange and in hunting (Stepanoff et al. 2017). Additionally, there is a tendency in 19th-century explorers, such as Castrén, to describe reindeer herding as the emblematic and immemorial form of subsistence, which for a long time obscured the transition that was taking place. (For the development of reindeer herding, see also Losey et al. 2021; Anderson et al. 2019; Stépanoff 2017.) [Samojeder] Desse fiska allmänt under sommaren mest i sjöar mindre i floder, hvartill fordras dyra redskap, båtar, mat m.m. minst i hafvet. Fishing has a significant role in Nenets subsistence. Fishing is focused on the rivers and lakes, and is especially important for the communities living near large rivers such as the Pečora, Pur, and Nadym. Fishing is carried out with the help of seines, nets, traps, and weirs. It is important for food, but also for extra income. In the 19th century, Nenets also worked as fishermen for Russian merchants and were part of fishing communities; see note [af andra Samojj.] and [Mezen merchants]. (Chomič 1966: 78–80.) Deras renar bevakas under ti- den af andra Samojj[eder]. The Nenets formed communities called Ru parma, TN парм (reindeer herding) or Ru edoma, TN нядʹʹма (fishing and hunting sea mammals) in order to manage their seasonal hunting and fishing practices. According to Maslov, the communities were of close or more distant descent and often included both rich and poor families in terms of reindeer. During fishing and hunting, the reindeer herds were left within the larger herds of communities with more reindeer. (Maslov 1934; Terleckij 1934; Tuisku 1999: 82–83; similar in the Taz (Forest Nenets) region; see Lehtisalo 1956: LV–LVI.) Kaninska Samojeder fi- ska ej, somliga skjuta морскихъ зверей i floder neml. тюлены, Ru tjulenʹ, TN явʹ сармик, няк ʻseal’. нерпа, Ru nerpa, TN няк ʻringed seal’ (Phoca hispida Schreber). заеца. Ru morskij zajac, TN ңартиʹ ʻbearded seal’ (Erignathus barbatus Erxleben). Om vintern skjuta de färdes Timanska och Kaninska Samojeder s[a]mt Ryska till hafvet, med lodjor Ru lad’ja or lod’ja is a wooden sailing and fishing vessel with pole masts and oars. The lodjas, together with larger karbas vessels, were widely used by the Pomors (MES 1991: lad’ja). mellan is, skjuta моржевъ, Ru morž, TN тивтей ʻwalrus’ (Odobenus rosmarus Linnaeus). заецей, лысуни, Ru lysun (also Grenlandskij tyulenʹ), TN няк ʻGreenland seal’ (Phoca groenlandica Erxleben). нерпи, белуги A maritime economy, which was practised in the 17th century by communities living on the Arctic seashores, had disappeared by the 18th century, only to undergo a revival at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Krupnik has proposed that the hunting of sea mammals in the 19th-century European Arctic was mainly a joint practice of the Nenets and the Russian Pomors, which is also implied by Castrén. Consequently, this does not represent the earlier indigenous maritime economy, but a seasonal practice based on commercial and collective hunting. (Krupnik 1993: 202–210) Kaninska och Timanska fånga om vintern псецъ, Ru pesec, TN ңохо ʻArctic fox’ (Alopex lagopus Linnaeus). ли- сица, волки Ru volk, ТN сармик ʻwolf’ (Canis lupus Linnaeus). (litet); Timanska fånga äfven björnar och vildrenar, samt куници The Kanin Samoyeds are richer than those of Timan, who again are very poor. The rich Samoyeds in Kanin own up to 2000 reindeer, a few have only two or three, about ten [Nenets] have 1000, many have 5-600, and the poor own 25-50. Among the Timan Samoyeds only two or three persons own 500 [reindeer]. These Samoyeds commonly fish during the summer, mostly in lakes, less so in rivers, for which expensive equipment, boats, food, etc., is required; the least [fishing is done] in the sea. Their reindeer are guarded during the time [of the fishing] by other Samoyeds. The Kanin Samoyeds do not fish; some shoot sea mammals, in other words seals (seal, ringed seal, and bearded seal). In winter the Timan and Kanin Samoyeds and the Russians travel to the sea, using lodya boats to move through ice, and shoot walruses, seals, and whales. In winter the Kanin and Timan [Samoyeds] hunt Arctic foxes, foxes, and wolves (a little); the Timan also hunt bears and wild reindeer, as well as pine martens. Bolshezemelska Samojeder äro öfverhufvud genom renor fattigare, men rikare genom sina öfriga närings- grenor. Om sommaren fånga de fisk mest i flo- der och i hafvet (Хаибадра, Chajpudyr Bay, situated on the western side of the Yugor Peninsula. N68°30′14″ E59°31′54″ Варандея, Varandej Bay, situated on the western side of the Yugor Peninsula. N68°44′53″ E57°59′48″ Коратаеха The River Korotaicha flows into the Pečora Sea on the west coast of the Yugor Peninsula. (GVR) Кара), The River Kara flows into Kara Bay on the east coast of the Yugor Peninsula. According to Schrenk, TN ”Harájjagha oder Harájagha, d.i. der bugreiche Fluss [Хараяга]” (GVR) (Schrenk 1848: 463; Šrenk 2009: 312) mindre i sjöar och i hafvet. Om sommaren fara de на море och fånga skjuta моржи, заеци, нерпы, белуги Ru belucha, ТN вэбарка ʻwhite whale, beluga’ (Delphinapterus leucas Pallas). (mindre), hvita björnar (på is), vildren finnas och fångas obetydligt. Om vintern fånga de ock горные fög[lar]., псецъ лисица, Ru lisica, ТN тëня ʻfox’ (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus). волкъ, куници. Ru (sosnovaja) kunica, TN иңгней ʻpine marten’ (Martes martes Linnaeus). The Bol'šezemel'ja Samoyeds are in general poorer when it comes to reindeer, but richer when it comes to their other sources of livelihood. In the summer they fish, mostly in the rivers and in the sea (the Chaibadra, Varandeja, Korataecha, Kara), less so in the lakes and in the sea. In the summer they travel to the sea and shoot walruses, seals, whales (smaller ones), and polar bears (on the ice); there are wild reindeer, but hunting them is insignificant. In winter they also hunt mountain birds, Arctic foxes, foxes, wolves, and pine martens.
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II. Tiунскаго или Тиманскаго береговъ alla ätter tillsammantagne utgörs 379. III. Канинской тундры Tillsamman 429 Anm[ärka]. Dessa utgöra de skattbetalandes antal för år 1843. Alla samtlige 2377 skattbt. / Köppen Peter von Köppen (Pëtr Ivanovič Kèppen, 1793–1864), a statistician and cartographer, who worked with ethnographic maps during the 19th century (Suchova 1993; Gibson 2022: 49–97). According to Köppen, there were 2390 Samoyed men and 2105 Samoyed women and in total 4495 Samoyed in the area between Cape Kanin and the Urals (Köppen 1843: 59). 2390./ II. Total number consisting of all the tribes at the shores of Timan 379 III. Total number in Kanin tundra 429. Note. This is the number of taxpayers in 1843. Total 2377 taxpayers.
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1. Pustoserka Sloboden 1. Under the administration of Pustozersk Skattbetalande Number of taxpayers Тыссiи 312 Ноготыссiи 181 Локейскаго 343 Выучейскаго 92 Хатанзеискаго 927 Ванюты Ischemska Sloboden. Хатанзейскаго 251 Ванюты 101 Выучейсскаго 10 Валей 109 480 Тiунскаго и Тиманскаго берега Устьцылемскаго ведомства. Хатанзейскаго 110 Выучеискаго 51 161 II. Тiунскаго или Тимианскаго береговъ III.
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Samojedernes antal i Mesenska kretsen: See [Mezen uezd]. The number of Samoyeds in the Mezen' uezd I. Устцылемскаго ведомства Большеземельских крещен ныхъ I. Under the administration of Ust-Cylem, Bolshezemelsk Christians 1) въ числе Хатанзейскаго рода Chatanzejskij 110 2) Выучейскаго Vyučejskij 51 161 II. Ижемскаго Ведомства ясашныхь II. Under the administration of Izhem, yasak payers Rubel Roubles 1. Хатанзейскаго Chatanzejskij 213 204 2. Валей Valej 81 82 3. Ванюты Vanjuty 101 92 4. Выучейскаго Vyucejskij 10 11 5. Хатанзеискаго Chatanzejskij 24 23 6. Валей Valej 37 30 7 Хатанзеискаго Chatanzejskij 14 5 480 447 III. Тiунскаго л. Тиманского береговъ III. Tiuskii or Timan Coast 304 296 Канинскаго Берега Kanin Coast 354 357 658 653 Rubel Roubles Всего по Мезенссскому уезду Самоедов Total number of Samoyeds in the Mezen' uezd 2330 1245 Всего по Мезенск. уезду крестьянъ Total number of peasants in the Mezen\ uezd 10430 11566
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Samojederne delar sig i stammar (роды), The picture of Nenets communities began to evolve in the publications based on the Academic expeditions of the 18th century and later in the 19th century, when larger archival materials and First Census data could be used. However, the terms used for the types of Nenets communities derive both from Tundra Nenets practices and notions developed after the colonisation and during the development of taxation. Consequently, the Russian notion rod ‘family’, is strongly connected to the taxation practices. This is also reflected in the fact that the Nenets are listed according to the places where they were due to pay the tribute. The Tundra Nenets equivalents for family-based social categories would be yerkar or tenz. In addition to yerkar and tenz, ngesi ‘camp’, is also of importance: it is an everyday economic and social unit, whereas tenz and yerkar denote larger circles of social ties. Dolgich, Chomič, and Vasilʹev have summarised the often fragmented and variable data concerning the family names and the population numbers, and their conclusions are cited in the commentaries related to names. However, one should keep in mind that the social groups are not as stable as the notions might indicate. (Chomič 1966: 141–144; Chomič 1976: 96; Dolgich 1970; Vasilʹev 1979; Volžanina 2010: 17–24) och af dem finnas i Mesenska kretsen The Mezenʹ uezd was founded in 1780, and it covered a large area from the River Mezenʹ to the Ural Mountains. Administratively, the uezd was part of the Arkhangel’sk oblast’ and Vologodskoe namestničestvo. In addition to the uezd centre, Mezenʹ, the slobodkas of Pustozersk, Ižma, and Ust-Cil’ma represented significant administrative centres. In 1835, the Nenets were given the right of possession of their ancestral lands, which were divided into the Kanin, Timan, and Bolšezmelʹskaja tundras. (Gosudarstvennyj archiv 2000: 264; Trošina & Minčuk 2015) följande: The Samoyeds are divided into tribes (rody), and in the Mezen uezd' there are the following: I I Pustoserska Sloboden (Пустозерской слободки) I In Pustosersk Slobodka Выйчейсскаго Vyučeskoj. Vyučeskoj corresponds to the TN family Выуци or Вууци and Ңууциʹ; also Выуческойʹʹ. (Chomič 1966: 151; Chomič 1976: 103; Tereščenko 2003: 63, 405.) (рода) Лохейсскаго Lochejsskoj. Also Logej, Lècheci, Lagejskoj, Lochejsskij. Corresponds to the TN family Лэхэ, fe. Лэхэй; also Лагейскойʹʹ. (Chomič 1966: 151; Chomič 1976: 105; Tereščenko 2003: 170, 206) Ноготыссiи Nogotyssij. Corresponds to TN Нохо’ Тысъя, fe. Нохоʹ Тысъиʹ; also Ноготысыи. A branch of the Тысъя family (Dolgich 1970: 9–10; Chomič 1976: 105; Tereščenko 2003: 683). Тысссiи TN Тысъя. One of the six main branches of the European Nenets families (Dolgich 1970: 9–10; Chomič 1976: 108). Канинскаго (берега) hör numera ej till Pustozersk Таибары Tajbarej. Corresponds to TN Тайбарей, fe. Тайбариʹ. (Chomič 1976: 108; Tereščenko 2003: 616) Vyučejsskoj Lochejsskoj Nogotyssij Tyssij [The shores of] Kanin no longer belongs to Pustozersk Taibary II. Устцылемской слободки. II In Ustcylemsk slobodka Хатанзейскаго Chantanzejskij. Chantanzejskij corresponds to TN Хэтанзи, fe. Хэтанзиʹ. Хэтанзи is one of the six main branches of the European Nenets families. (Dolgich 1970: 9–10; Chomič 1966: 151; Chomič 1976: 110) Выучейскаго. Chatanzejskij Vyučesskoj III. При Ижемской Слободке III. In Ižemsk Slobodka Хатанзейскаго Выучейскаго. Вануйти. Vanujta. Also Vanjuta, Vanojta. TN Ванойта, fe. Ванойʹ, Ванойтиʹ or Ванюта represents one of the six main branches of the European Nenets families. It has also been suggested to represent one of the exogamic groups of the Nenets, the other being Харючи. (Chomič 1976: 102–103; Dolgich 1970: 9–14; Tereščenko 2003: 41–42) Валей Valej. Corresponds to TN Валейской, Валеев. According to Dolgich, Valej is descended from Вэли (Вэʹʹли). Вэли represents one of the six main branches of the Nenets families. Again according to Chomič, the Вэли are a sub-branch of the Vanjuita. (Chomič 1976: 103; Dolgich 1980: 9–10; 55–59; Tereščenko 2003: 38) Тiунскаго Tiunskij refers to the Timanskij or Timan tundra; see notes [Timan tundra, Малая земля (Laptah)] and [Kaninska]. и «ej mera» Тиманскаго (берегов) «ej mera» Chatanzejskij Vyučejskoj Vanujti Valej In (the shores of) Tiunsk and «not any more» Timan «not any more» Samojed-skatten The natives had paid the tribute (Ru yasak) in furs since the colonisation of the North and Siberia. Furs were one of the main exports of Russia and vital for the Empire’s economy. A regular amount of tax, consisting of both money and furs, was set after the 1822 Regulation for the administration of the natives or Speranskijʼs reform (Ustav ob upravlenii inorodcev). The 1835 law “On the administration of Samoyeds living in the Mezen’ district of the Arkhangel’sk region” (Ustav ob upravlenii samoedami, obitajuščimi v Mezenskom uezde Arxangelʹskoj gubernii) is roughly parallel to Speranskij’s reform, but concerns the Nenets living in the European Arctic. (Bachrušin 1955: 49–85; Forsyth 1992: 38–42; 156 Damešek & Remnev 2007 (eds.): 215-235) är nu 3 Rub 30 kop, förut 3R, 30 och för friska personer dessutom 2 hudar af ren eller псець. Ru pesec TN ңохо ʻArctic fox’ (Alopex lagopus Linnaeus). äfven sjuklingar betalte 3 Rub. 30 kop. The Samoyed tax is at the moment 3 roubles 30 kopecks, formerly 3R 30 and additionally two reindeer hides or псець for a healthy person. The sick also paid 3 roubles 30 kopecks.
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Kaninska The following tables list the Nenets families and the number of Nenets taxpayers. The categories are somewhat disordered in Castrén’s notes. In the early 19th century, the Nenets living in the Arkhangelʹsk oblastʹ were administratively divided into five groups based on their living areas and on the slobodka ʻvillage, town’ where they customarily paid their taxes. 1. The Kanin Nenets lived on the Kanin Peninsula and the regions south-west and north-west of it. They paid their tribute in Mezenʹ. 2. The Timan Nenets lived in the northern tundra areas east of Kanin. They paid their tribute in Mezenʹ. 3. The Pustozersk or Jugor (jugorskaja samojadʹ) Nenets consisted of communities living in the plains of the Malaja tundra west of the River Pečora and northern tundra areas (Bolʹšezemelʹskaja tundra) east of Pečora. They paid their tribute in Pustozersk. 4. The Ustʹ-Cilʹma Nenets lived in the southern Pečora basin and its vicinity. They paid their tribute in Ustʹ-Cilʹma. 5. The Ižma Nenets lived mostly in the forest or tundra forest areas. They paid their tribute in Ižma. The Ustʹ-Cilʹma and Ižma Nenets were also designated as forest dwellers (lesnye), in contrast to their northern pastoralist tribesmen (tundrovye). The European Nenets are known to have paid their taxes regularly, but not always in the same slobodka, which is why the statistics based on their tax payments are not reliable in every sense. One should also note that the living areas were not as stable as among peasants: there was constant movement between the communities and also over the Ural Mountains. (Kolyčeva 1956; Dolgich 1970: 17; Vasilʹev 1979: 75–85) och Timanska tundran äro nu åtskilda från Pustozersk Pustozersk (TN Санэр” харад) was one of the most significant administrative centres of the Mezenʹ uezd during Castrén’s expedition. Founded in 1499 as a fort, it later developed into an important administrative, economic, spiritual, and cultural centre as well as a bridgehead for the northern expeditions in Siberia. Its significance had already begun to decrease in the late 18th century. Currently, there are no inhabitants in Pustozersk. Nevertheless, there is a museum (Pustozerskij kompleksnyj istoriko-prorodnyj muzej). N67°32′11″ E52°35′11″ (NAO-ES: 226.) och Ishma, utgöra hvardera ett distr[ikt]. för sig. I Kaninska tundran finnas följande роды. The Kanin and Timan tundras are now separated from Pustozersk and Ishma; they both form a district. The following family groups exist in the Kanin tundra.
Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 007
Floder på Kanin Nos Rivers on Kanin Nos Fallande i Hvita hafvet: 1. Чиза, 2. Волосова, The River Volosova flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) 3. Кия, The River Bolʹšaja Kija flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) 4. Шоина The River Šojna flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) l[eller]. Soina, 5. 6. Торна The River Torna flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) 7. Салница The River Salʹnica flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) 8. Болша/Бугриница The River Bolʹšaja Bugrjanica flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) Малая Бугриница The River Malaja Bugrjanica flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) mfl. Flowing into the White Sea: 1. Čiza, 2. Volosova, 3. Kija, 4. Šoina or Soina, 5. [missing] 6. Torna 7. Salnica 8. Bolša-Bugrinica, Malaja Bugrinica, etc. Fallande i Ческая Губа på högra sidan. 1. Kambalnitsa; The River (Bol’šaja) Kambalʹnica flows into Lake Beloe. (GVR) 2. Velika, The River Velikaja flows into the Barents Sea. 3.Moskvina Flowing into the Českaja guba on the right. 1. the Kambalnitsa; 2. the Velika; 3. the Moskvina Sjöar, på Kaninska tundran få, på Timanska många fiskrika. De förnämsta: Sorvan The River Sorvanskaja Viska flows into Lake Bolʹšoe Sorvanskoe. (GVR) (Sam.[jedska]), sj[ö] Inditskoj The River Indigskaja Viska flows out Lake Nižnoe (pervoe) Indigskoe. (GVR) (Rys[ka]), Pätova Urjer (Urdiga Ryska), Possibly Lake Urer-Chasyrej, out of which the River Urer-jaga flows. Schrenk notes that Lake ”Ùrdu̇ga, samojed. Úrjėr” in Nenets. (GVR) (Schrenk 1848: 651) Сухо-озеро (Tesibaej-toh), Lake Suchoe. TN Тэсьбэй ʻhaving been reindeerless’. (GVR) (TaS, KL) Anutieh The River Sojma flows out of Lake Anutej-to (Anutejskoe, Anutej). (GVR) (R[yska].-tiej), Lii=suteèh Lake Lysutej-to flows into Lake Anutej-to. (GVR) (R[yska]. tej), Teavan-toh TN тэва ʻtail’. (TaS, KL) (Хвостовый), Jeedurtsae tieh TN едюрця ʻEuropean whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus)’. (TaS, KL) (Цирово), Nilkatieh The River Nalim-Ju flows out of Lake Nilʹketejty (Nilʹkotej). (GVR) (Селдьовка), Häevudo-wae vuko TN хэвда вэвако ʻbad-sided’. (TaS, KL) (Людиво), Sjaatorej-toh TN сяторэй ʻpike’ (Esox lucius). (TaS, KL) (Сущи-озеро) Lakes, on the Kanin tundra few, on Timan abundant, rich in fish. The most important: Sorvan (TN), the Lake Inditskoj (RU), Pätova Urjer (Urdiga RU), Сухо/озеро (Tesibaej-toh), Anutieh (RU -tiej), Liisuteèh (RU tej), Teavan-toh (Chvostovyj), Jeedurtsae tieh (Cirovo), Nilkatieh (Selʹdovka), Häevudo-waewuko (Ljudivo), Sjaatorej-toh (Sušči-ozero)
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«från камень траванка faller i Wolonga.» The River Volonga flows into Čëša Bay. TN хэвды ʻrib, side’. (GVR) (TaS, KL) «from Kamenʹ the Travanka flows into the Wolonga.» eydi, här finnas björnar) 25. Svoina The River Suvojnaja flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) [faller i hafvet], 26. Pesщanka The River Pesčanka (TN Хоʹ яха, ʻBirch river’) flows into the Barents Sea. Again according to Schrenk, Peščanka would be ”Jarájjagha, d.i. Sandfluss (Ярайгa) in Nenets. (GVR) (Schrenk 1848: 318; Šrenk 2009: 218) [faller i hafvet] (Hoojaha) af hoo, björk, some växer här) 27. Peredni The River Srednjaja flows into the River Velikaja. TN ен ʻbowstring’. (GVR) (TaS, KL) (Jienjaha) «D.ä. Timanska floderna komma från камень.» 28. Welä=likoj[a](Häehijaha; The River Velikaja flows into the Barents Sea. ТN xэхэ ’idol’. (GVR) (TaS, KL) [faller i hafvet], af Hähe) 28)Subnoj, The Subnoj. Note that number 28 exists twice in the list. 29. Черна The River Čërnaja (TN Пэʹ яха) flows into the Barents Sea. TN посавэй ʻone who blows’ (GVR) (TaS, KL) (Poo- suvuj), 30. Uäskenoj The River Vas’kina. According to Schrenk, a coastal river near Čajcyn Nos. TN нюня ʻArctic loonʼ. (GVR) (Schrenk 1848: 668) (TaS, KL) (Jyynièh), 31. Lemtsa; Ljamca. According to Schrenk, a coastal river near Čaicyn Nos. (Schrenk 1848: 668) 32. Wuerej The River Vyrej flows into the River Indiga. [33. Iijovka The River Iëvka flows into the River Indiga. (GVR) 34. Gusintsa, The River Gusinec flows into the River Indiga. (GVR) 35. Bogatoj, The River Bogataja flows into the River Indiga. (GVR) 36. Bäla (Бѣла) The River Belaja flows into the River Indiga. (GVR) falla] i 37) Indiga The River Indiga (TN Пэʹ яха ʻStone River’) flows into Indiga Bay in the Barents Sea. According to Schrenk, the River Indiga is “Steinflus[es], Pájjaghá [Пайяга]” in Nenets. N67°24′45″ E49°28′37″ (GVR) (Schrenk 1848: 649; Šrenk 2009: 432) (Paejaha), 38. Святый Janajaha According to Schrenk, the River Bol’šaja Svetlaja is “Janájjaghà, d.i. der stille Fluss [Янайяга]” in Nenets. Consequently, TN Яна яха. (GVR) (Schrenk 1848: 653; Šrenk 2009: 435) 39) Мало-Святый The River Malaja Svetlaja flows into the River Indiga. According to Schrenk, the River Malaja Svetlaja is “Háwyrájagha (von háwyrá, eine magere Holzung [Хaвырайяга]” in Nenets, stemming from the word хавыра ʻgaunt forest’. TN хабер ʻtrunk, torso’. (GVR) (Schrenk 1848: 653-654; Šrenk 2009: 435) (TaS, KL)) (Haverojaha) 40. Inditska-Wiska The River Indigskaja Viska flows into the River Indiga. ТN сë ʻthroat, tributary’. (NAO-ES. 114; GVR) (TaS, KL) (Totsjo af toh, озеро och sjoh, виска, d.ä. en flod som lö- per ut från en sjö), 41. Soina The River Sojma flows into the River Sula. (GVR) (Tovutah), går faller från Urosja The River Urer-jaga flows into the River Čërnaja. (GVR) i Sula ? 42. Urditska-Viska, The River Urdjužskaja Viska flows into the River Sojma. (GVR) faller i Soina. 43. Sula, The River Sula, a left-bank tributary of the Pečora. (GVR) faller i Petshora. 44) Tshulim The River Čuloma flows into the River Jaržeb. ТN халясяда ʻfishless’. (GVR) (TaS, KL) (Haaleseada), faller i Viska, 45) Jarschap, The River Jaržeb flows into Lake Malyj Elardyj. (GVR) faller i Viska, 46) Viska, The River Viska flows into the Borščevyj Strait. (GVR) faller i Petshora Шарь. 47. Matorska-Petshora. The River Pečora (TN Санэроʺ яха) flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) eydi, there are bears around here); 25) the Svoina [flows into the sea]; 26) the Peščanka [flows into the sea] (Hoojaha) from [Tundra Nenets word] hoo, birch that grows here); 27) the Peredni (Jienjaha); «i.e. the Timan Rivers flow from Kamenʹ.» 28) the Welälikoj[a] (Häehijaha) [flows into the sea], from Hähe; 28) the Subnoj; 29) the Černa (Poosuvuj); 30) the Uäskenoj (Jyynièh); 31) the Lemtsa; 32) the Wuerej; [33) the Iijovka; 34) the Gusintsa; 35) the Bogatoj; 36) the Bäla (Bela) flows into 37) the Indiga (Paejaha); 38) Svjatij (the Janajaha); 39) Malo-Svjatij (the Haverojaha); 40) the Inditska-Wiska (Totsjo from [Tundra Nenets] toh ‘ozero’, and sjoh ‘viska’, i.e. a river that flows out of a lake); 41) the Soina (Tovutah), flows from the Urosja and into the Sula?; 42) the Urditska-Viska, flows into the Soina; 43) the Sula, flows into the Petshora; 44) the Tshulim (Haaleseada), flows into the Viska; 45) the Jarschap, flows into the Viska, 46) the Viska, flows into the Petshora Šar'. 47) the Matorska-Petshora.
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Floder: 1) Pija The River Pyja, a tributary of the Mezenʹ. N65°58′29″ E44°13′34″ (GVR) Рыя, 20 verst från Mesen, 1 hus vid utloppet. 2) Somsja, The River Sëmža, north of Mezenʹ, has its source in Lake Sëmža. N66°11′03″ E44°40′07″ (GVR) 40 verst från Mesen by. <---> Invid Somsja by Sëmža on the eastern shore of Mezen’ Bay at N66°8′51″ E44°7′3″. (TS) utfaller Mesen i Hvita Hafvet. 3) Mgla, The River Bolʹšaja Mgla in the Kanin Peninsula flows into the White Sea. Mgla (Verchnaja Mgla) on the eastern shore of Mezenʹ Bay at N66°29′53″ E44°26′50″. (GVR) (TS, KL) (2 hus,) 70 verst från Mesen. 4) Nes, The River Nesʹ (TN Хэйяха) flows from Lake Nesʹ into the White Sea. N66°27′18″ E44°56′09″ (GVR) <<kyrka och by>> faller ut 15 verst vid kyrkan, från den Kaninska kyrkan The church, situated in Nesʹ and built in 1830–1835, is related to the Orthodox mission that took place in the European Arctic in 1826–1830. Currently, there is a church in the name of the Annunciation of Our Most Holy Lady in Nesʹ, built in 1868. See [omvändelse] (Veniamin 1855; Schrenk 1848: 241-247; Chomič 1979) i Hvita Hafvet. Vid kyrkan finnes en liten Rysk by, kld[kallad] Nes efter floden, med 9 ömkliga gårdar, som lifnä- ra sig genom boskapsskötsel, fiske, jagt och Samojed- handel; Rivers: 1) the Rija [Pyja], 20 versts from Mezen, one house at the outlet; 2) the Somsja, 40 versts from the village of Mezen. <---> Near the village of Somsja, the River Mezen flows into the White Sea; 3) the Mgla, (two houses,) 70 versts from Mezenʹ; 4) the Nes, << church and village >> flows into the White Sea 15 versts from the Kanin church. At the church there is a small Russian village, called Nes after the river, with nine miserable farmhouses that make their living through livestock farming, fishing, hunting, and trade with the Samoyed; 5) Jolguj The River Elguj flows into the River Nesʹ. (GVR) «Jolguj-ostroff, ett det enda ställe i tundra der gran växer - Jalka-joki», liten å, faller i Nes, 6) Kruta, The River Krutaja flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) en liten å, faller i hafvet, «a) Чиза, The River Čiža flows into Mezenʹ Bay. (GVR) faller i Hvita Hafvet. Midt emot löper b) Чоша, The River Čëša (TN Падра) in the southern part of the Kanin Peninsula, flows into Čëša Bay (Čëšskaja guba). (GVR) c) Golybnitsa The River Golubnica flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) d) Нина е) Perepuska, The River Bolʹšoj Perepusk flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) f) Kruta, faller i Ческая губа. Medelst dem var Kanin Nos förut afdeladt i en ö, v. f.» 5) the Jolguj, «Jolguj-ostroff, the only place in the tundra where spruce grows – Jalka-joki», a small river, flows into the Nes; 6) the Kruta, a small river, flows into the sea, «a) Чиза, Čiza, flows into the White Sea. On the opposite side of the Kanin Peninsula run b) the Čoša, c) the the Nina е) the Perepuska, f) the Kruta, flowing into the Českaja guba. These rivers formerly made Kanin Nos into an island; see above.» 7) Wiisas The Vižas flows into Čëša Bay (Češskaja guba), in the Barents Sea, at N66°49′10″ E46°1′15″. TN сямб ’marsh, swamp’ (GVR) (TaS, TS, KL) «På Samoj. Saambijaha» med 1 gård, 8) Vorovka, The River Vorovka flows into Čëša Bay (Češskaja guba), in the Barents Sea. (GVR) faller i hafvet, 9) Rossocha, Possibly Rassocha Maloj Krutoj. (GVR) 10) Le<n>tinska The River Letinskaja flows into the River Oma. (GVR) faller i hafvet, 7) the Wiisas «TN Saambijaha» with one farmhouse; 8) the Vorovka, which flows into the sea; 9) the Rossocha; 10) the Le<n><n>tinska, which flows into the sea; </n> 11) Ooma The River Oma (TN Хэта) flows into Čëša Bay (Češskaja guba) at N66°49′24″ E46°33′36″. (GVR) The first residents of Oma were Old Believers called Kokin, because of whom the village was originally named Kokiny. (NAO-ES, 200) (TS, KL) «2) Häetáh» (чумище) med 1 hus. 12) Paltsova, The River Palcevaja flows into the River Oma. (GVR) 13) Panova The River Panova flows into the River Oma. (GVR) från sjöar, 14) Omitsa, The River Omica flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) 15) Petshanka The River Pesčanka flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) [faller] i hafvet, 16) liten Snopa The River Snopa flows into Čëša Bay (Češskaja guba). The village of Snopa is on the eastern bank of the river. (GVR) «3) Jietáh» According to Castrén, the River Snopa is called Етаʹ in Tundra Nenets. med ett hus, 17) Wis Snopa med ett hus, Vis Snopa. Komi вис ʻtributary, side stream’. Accordingly, a tributary of the River Snopa. «a) Medväsi The River Medvežʹja (GVR) flows into the Small Snopitsa River (Malaja Snopica). (GVR) <<liten bäck>>, b) Snopitsa The River Snopica flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) [faller] i hafvet, c) Gravesnoj, The River Grabëžnaja flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) d) Jegorova The River Jegorova flows into the River Pëša. faller i Pjosja» 18) Pjoshja, The River Pëša (Tëša) flows into Čëša Bay (Češskaja Guba) at N66°53′38″ E47°34′28″. (GVR) (TS, KL) «4) Peastíh» Verxnjaja Pëša is a village on the left bank of the River Pëša. It has been known since the early 19th century. Schrenk notes that in addition to the houses built for the priest and deacon, there was one Russian peasant family making its living from fishing and raising cattle. According to Schrenk, the Nenets name of the river is “Waldfluss[es], Pástyjaghà” (Пастыяга) The name is derived from TN пя, ʻtree, wood’ (Schrenk 1848: 675; Šrenk 2009: 451–452; NAO-ES: 83). (TaS, KL) , med kyrka och 1 gård vid kyrkan, samt tvenne 20 verst lägre ned. Pjoshja kyrka The church, situated in Nižnaja Pëša and built in 1833, is related to the Orthodox mission that took place in the European Arctic in 1826–1830. See [omvändelse] (Veniamin 1855; Schrenk 1848: 675; Chomič 1979) är 40 verst från hafvet. Man har varit betänkt att flytta den närmare hafskusten för att Samojj.[Samojeder] måtte bättre kunna betjena sig deraf. (Nes 15 verst från hafvet.) Floden är ganska stor och vidsträckt, tar sin början från Чайшинь. Čajcynskij Kamenʹ, a mountain range situated in Timan krjaž. Schrenk and Islavin also mention “Чáïzyn kámenj (Чаицын Камень)” or “Paj (Пай)” and its north-eastern spur, “Pámbòj (Памбой)”. (Islavin 1847: 7; Schrenk 1848: 668-671; Šrenk 2009: 441–445) Wid dna[denna] flod finnas tjock granskog och mkt[mycket] wildt, äfven björnar. 19) Gusinitsa The River Gusinec, a tributary of the River Pëša. (GVR) <<Gusinets>> i Pjosja, 20) Pjosjitsa The River Pëšica flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) [faller] i hafvet, 21) Prisetjenok The River Priščatënok flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) [faller] i hafvet (Muermajaha), 22) Prisjetinitsa The River Priščatinica flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) [faller] i hafvet, «21 och 22 förena sig» 23) Pesuusna The River Bezuzna (Bezužna) flows into the Barents Sea. (GVR) , 24) Wobo<>nga liten (Hä=) 11) the Ooma «2) Häetáh» (čumišče), one house; 12) the Paltsova; 13) the Panova from lakes; 14) the Omitsa; 15) the Petshanka [flows] into the sea; 16) the Small Snopa «3) Jietáh» with a house; 17) the Wis Snopa, with one house, «a) the Medväsi << small stream >>, b) the Snopitsa [flows] into the sea, c) the Gravesnoj, d) the Jegorova flows into the Pjosja)» 18) the Pjoshja 4) Peastíh, with a church and one farmhouse at the church, and two more [farmhouses] 20 versts down. The Pjoshja church is located 40 versts from the ocean. They have considered moving closer to the sea coast so that the Samoyeds might exploit it better. (The River Nes 15 versts from the sea.) The river is quite large and wide; has its source in the Чайшинь. By the banks there are thick spruce forests and a lot of game as well, also bears; 19) the Gusinitsa <<Gusinets>> [flows] into the Pjosja; 20) the Pjosjitsa [flows] into the sea; 21) the Prisetjenok [flows] into the sea (Muermajaha); 22) the Prisjetinitsa [flows] into the sea; «21 and 22 merge.» 23) the Pesuusna; 24) the Wobo <> nga the Small (Hä =)
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Addition at the end of the page: «Канинскiй камень, på Samoj[e]d[isk]: Sale-paj. Тиманскiй камень, på Samoj[edisk]» Ifrån Mesen till Nes Nesʹ is situated on the shore of the River Nesʹ (TN Хэйяха) near the west coast of Kanin Nos at N66°36′2″ E44°40′44″. (TS, KL) räknas 100 verst, hken[hvilken] sträcka är bemär- ken med svag granskog. Wid Nes upphör l[ärk]gran-regionen den Kaninska tundran, The name Kaninskaja tundra is often used for the Kanin Peninsula (TN Саля) and the area between Mezenʹ Bay and the River Pëša. (NAO-ES, 119–120.) som på Ryska kls[kallas] Kanin Nos (Sal'eh, Sam[ojedisk].) vid tager omkring 100 verst från Nes består denna tundra af lågt <---> sankt, torfbevuxet land; derefter vidtaga berg, (Kaninska) Kanin kamenʹ (TN Саляʹ пай) is a ridge in the northern part of the Kanin Peninsula. (Канинскiй каменъ) Kanin Nos i östlig riktning till udden Mikulkin. Mysʹ Mikulʹkin or Mikulkin Nos is the easternmost point of Kanin Nos at N67°48′39″ E46°41′37″. (TS) Således omkr[ing]. 380 verst från Mesen till Kanin Nos. «Kaninskij kamenʹ, TN Sale-paj. Timanskij kamenʹ [TN translation missing])» The distance from Mezen' to Nes is 100 versts, and the land between them consists of shabby spruce forest. Around Nes the larch tree areas cease at the Kanin tundra (Sal’eh), which in Russian is called Kanin Nos (TN Sal'eh), and start about 100 versts from Nes. This tundra consists of low <---> soft, peat-covered land; the mountains, extend from Kanin Nos to the east to the Mikul'kin headland. Therefore, around 380 versts from Mezen' to Kanin Nos. Ända till Kanin Nos finnas här och der vid floden svag granskog, så ock pä Timanska tundran, men på Kanin Nos växer blott <Era>. dwarf birch (Betula nana) As far as Kanin Nos, shabby spruce forests are found here and there by the rivers, which also concerns the Timan tundra. But on Kanin Nos only dwarf birch grows.
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Cap. 1 There are several texts related to this one in Castrén’s manuscripts, which relates to the importance of the description of the landscape and settlements within the field of ethnography. This is also included in the instructions drawn up for Castrén, which indicates the inherent link between ethnography and geography and developing an understanding of space as one important defining factor for ethno-linguistic communities (Gibson 2022). The beginning of Chapter I until the end of page 007 can be related to “Bidrag till Mesenska kretsens hydrografi”, written in early 1845 (Castrén 1870: 120–128). The Russian Academy asked Castrén to specify and comment on the earlier knowledge about the rivers in Russia’s European north (Castrén 1870: 120n1). Chapter I Kanin Nos Cape Kanin Nos forms the north-western end of the Kanin Peninsula. N68°39’16” E43°16’35” omgifves i v[äst] af Hvita Hafvet, i n[ord]. af Ishafvet, i ö[st]. af Ческая губа. Čëša Bay (Čëšskaja guba) is situated east of Cape Kanin Nos. (TS) är belägen 68°18' nord[lig]. bredd, och 61° östlig l[än]g[d] fr[ån] Ferro. Kanin Nos is located at a latitude of 68°18' north, and a longitude of 61° east from Ferro. Святой Nos Cape Svjatoj Nos is on the north-eastern coast of the Kanin Peninsula at N68°8′54″ E39°46′16″. (TS) [är belägen] 67˚53' [nordlig bredd] 57 1/2 [˚ östlig längd] Svyatoi Nos is located at a latitude of 67˚53' north and a longitude of 57 1/2˚ east. Kaninska hallfön, hvars nordl[iga]. spets kls [kallas] Kanin Nos. Förut skiljdes dna [denna] halfö från sydl[iga]. delen af Mesen Mezenʹ is a town at the mouth of the river of the same name, N65°50′39″ E44°14′47″. In Castrén’s time it had ca. 1600 inhabitants. (Statističeskija tablicy 1840: 2.) (TS) genom tvenne för sina söta vatten berömda floder Чижа, The River Čiža (TN Оду) in the southern part of the Kanin Peninsula, flows into the White Sea. N67°05′29″ E44°24′11″ (GVR) som föll i Hvita hafvet och Чеша, The River Čëša (TN Падра) in the southern part of the Kanin Peninsula, flows into the Čëšskaja guba, Barents Sea. N67°18′23″ E44°50′07″ (GVR) som hade sitt utlopp i Ческая губа. Dessa floder hade sin upprinnelse från samma sjö, och genom dessa samtlige watten fördades man med små båtar mellan Mesenska och Kaninska landet; men nu är denna sjö vorden till ett mossbevuxet kärr. The route is known as Čëškij volok, ‘the Čëškij route’, and one could reach the Barents Sea from the White Sea without going round the Kanin Peninsula using the route. It leads from the upper reaches of the River Čiža, through Lakes Parusnoe and Melkoe and a swamp, and into the upper reaches of the River Čëša (Žitkov 1904: 22–41). The Kanin Peninsula, whose northern end is called Kanin Nos, is surrounded by the White Sea in the west, by the Arctic Ocean in the north, and by Českaja Bay in the east. Previously, the peninsula was separated in the south from [the town of] Mezen' by two rivers famous for their sweet waters: the Čiža, which flowed into the White Sea, and the Češa, which had its outlet in Českaja guba. These rivers originated from the same lake, and they moved between the lands of Mezen' and Kanin through these waters in small boats. However, the lake has become a moss-covered marsh by now. Från detta ställe sträcker sig Kaninska halfön 150 verst mot norr. Hela Kaninska landet är sten, och utgöres af bergssträckningar, som löpa från norr till söder. Mellan dem finnas moras på hka [hvilka] Samojedernes renar lifnära sig af den här växande renmossan. Kaninska bergsträckningen Kanin kamenʹ is a ridge in the northern part of the Kanin Peninsula. N68°17′57″ E44°59′31″ sänker sig och fortsades genom Ческая губа till andra sidan af viken, bär derefter namnet af Timanska eller Tiuska kamen Timanskij krjaž, ʻTiman Ridge’, is a ridge around 950 km long in the Timan tundra. N64°35′55″ E50°24′24″ (каменскiй l.[eller] Tiускiй камень), som ännu synes vid floden Вычегда. The River Vyčegda has its source in the Timan Ridge and flows into the Northern Dvina at Kotlas. N61°54′55″ E50°57′52″ (GVR) Från dna[denna] bergssträckning löpa floden åt öster och söder till Печера The River Pečora (TN Санэроʺ яха) flows into the Barents Sea. N63°57′16″ E56°39′59″ (GVR) och Вычегда, åt ve- ster till Mesen; ja sjelfva Mesen The River Mezenʹ flows into the Arctic Ocean. N65°11′51″ E46°24′47″ (GVR) tager härifrån sin upprinnelse. From this place the Kanin peninsula extends 150 versts towards the north. The whole Kanin peninsula consists of rock, mountain ranges that run from north to south. Between them, there are swamps where the reindeer of the Samoyeds pasture, eating the reindeer moss growing there. The Kanin mountain range becomes lower and continues through Českaja guba to the other side of the bay, which bears the name Timanska or Tiuska kamen' (kamenskij or Tiuskij kamenʹ). The mountain range is still visible by the River Vyčegda. From this mountain range, the rivers flow eastward and southward to Pechera and Vyčegada and to the west to Mezen'. The River Mezen' itself has its source here. På denna bergsrygg synas på många ställen Schiffer-lager, och dfr.[derföre] flyta i några floder neftan-källor (нефтьнныя капи), hvaraf man kan sluta, att deri finnes stenkol (флеци каменнаго уголья). Dessutom finnes der i mängd svafvel-kis och koppar-ämne. On this ridge, Schiffer bearings can be seen in many places, and therefore in some rivers, one can see oil springs (neftjannyja kapi) flowing, from which one can conclude that there exists coal (fleci kamennago ugolʹja). In addition, pyrites and copper are found in abundance. Kaninska stranden sträcker sig till Pesha, The River Pëša (Tëša) flows into Češskaja Guba Bay at N66°53′38″ E47°34′28″. (GVR) (TS, KL) här vidläger Timan- ska stranden och sträcker sig till Petshora. En del af Timanska tundran kls[kallas] Малая земля (Laptah), The Timan tundra is a plain (TN Лапта) stretching from the River Pëša to Pečora Bay. Contrary to what Castrén suggests, Malaja zemlja or the Malozemelʹskaja tundra (TN Нюдя я) is a narrower area between the Rivers Indiga and Pečora. (NAO-ES, 154, 256–257), d[et]. ä[r]. halfön emellan Колокольковская губа Guba Kolokolʹkova, ʻKolokolʹkova Bay’, is situated west of Pečora Bay. The River Neruta flows into Kolokolʹkova Bay. och Petshora viken. Pečorskaja guba, Pečora Bay is a gulf of the River Pečora in the Barents Sea. The Kanin coast stretches to Peša, where it joins the Timan coast and extends to Pečora. Part of the Timan tundra is called Malaja zemlja (Laptah), in other words the peninsula between Kolokolʹkovskaja guba and Pečora Bay.
Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 001
Innehåll Contents Cap 1. p. 1-48 Chapter I Orters läge Location of places Orters beskaffenhet Characteristics of places Berg, floder, sjöar, haf Mountains, rivers, lakes, the ocean Jordmon. Soil Årstider. Seasons Climat Climate Naturalia: Fiskar, foglar, träd, bär Naturalia: fish, birds, trees, berries Husdjur. Pets Cap. 2 p.48-96 Chapter II Näringsmedel. Food Lefnadssätt a om sommaren, b) om vintern. Lifestyle in summer, b) in winter Renar och deras bevakning. Reindeer and their guarding Renmärken Reindeer marks Renens olika benämning på olika tider. The reindeer’s different names at different times Körredskap, renprydnader. Driving equipment, reindeer ornaments Båtar. Vildrensfångst. Boats. Wild reindeer hunts Jagt öfverhufvud. Hunting in general Fiskredskap. Fishing gear Cap. 3 p. 96-120 Chapter III Hus och hemvisten. House and residence Klädedrägt Clothing Spis och matlagning. Stove and cooking Cap 4. p. 121-144 Chapter IV Giftermål, (bröllop, barnsdop, namn.) Marriage, (wedding, christening, name) Arfsrätt Inheritance law Begrafning Funerals Tjenstefolk Servants Cap 5 p. 145-168 Chapter V National-charakter. National character Umgänges-art Communication Sätt att helsa Ways of healing Husmedicin. Family medicine Kunskaper öfverhufvud. Knowledge in general Bomärken. Marks, signatures Cap 6. p. 169-216 Chapter VI Gudalära Mythology Magie. Urier. Magic. Urier Omvändelse till Christendom. Conversion to Christianity Cap 7 p. 217 Chapter VII Folkets fordna styrelse (i stammar) Ancient governance (in tribes) Dess närvarande styrelse-sätt The present governance Dess historiska minnen. Historical memories of the people
Ostiacica. Manuscripta Castreniana, Linguistica V. 175 p. ISBN 978-952-7262-00-9 (print/hardcover), ISBN 978-952-7262-01-6 (online/pdf). 50 €.
© Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura – Société Finno-Ougrienne – Finno-Ugrian Society & the authors
edited and commentary by Ulla-Maija Forsberg
Attempt at an Ostyak Grammar (Ostiacica)
Short Grammatical Description of Khanty (Ostiacica)