Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 008
description: Kaninska The following tables list the Nenets families and the number of Nenets taxpayers. The categories are somewhat disordered in Castrén’s notes. In the early 19th century, the Nenets living in the Arkhangelʹsk oblastʹ were administratively divided into five groups based on their living areas and on the slobodka ʻvillage, town’ where they customarily paid their taxes. 1. The Kanin Nenets lived on the Kanin Peninsula and the regions south-west and north-west of it. They paid their tribute in Mezenʹ. 2. The Timan Nenets lived in the northern tundra areas east of Kanin. They paid their tribute in Mezenʹ. 3. The Pustozersk or Jugor (jugorskaja samojadʹ) Nenets consisted of communities living in the plains of the Malaja tundra west of the River Pečora and northern tundra areas (Bolʹšezemelʹskaja tundra) east of Pečora. They paid their tribute in Pustozersk. 4. The Ustʹ-Cilʹma Nenets lived in the southern Pečora basin and its vicinity. They paid their tribute in Ustʹ-Cilʹma. 5. The Ižma Nenets lived mostly in the forest or tundra forest areas. They paid their tribute in Ižma. The Ustʹ-Cilʹma and Ižma Nenets were also designated as forest dwellers (lesnye), in contrast to their northern pastoralist tribesmen (tundrovye). The European Nenets are known to have paid their taxes regularly, but not always in the same slobodka, which is why the statistics based on their tax payments are not reliable in every sense. One should also note that the living areas were not as stable as among peasants: there was constant movement between the communities and also over the Ural Mountains. (Kolyčeva 1956; Dolgich 1970: 17; Vasilʹev 1979: 75–85) och Timanska tundran äro nu åtskilda från Pustozersk Pustozersk (TN Санэр” харад) was one of the most significant administrative centres of the Mezenʹ uezd during Castrén’s expedition. Founded in 1499 as a fort, it later developed into an important administrative, economic, spiritual, and cultural centre as well as a bridgehead for the northern …

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 009
description: Samojederne delar sig i stammar (роды), The picture of Nenets communities began to evolve in the publications based on the Academic expeditions of the 18th century and later in the 19th century, when larger archival materials and First Census data could be used. However, the terms used for the types of Nenets communities derive both from Tundra Nenets practices and notions developed after the colonisation and during the development of taxation. Consequently, the Russian notion rod ‘family’, is strongly connected to the taxation practices. This is also reflected in the fact that the Nenets are listed according to the places where they were due to pay the tribute. The Tundra Nenets equivalents for family-based social categories would be yerkar or tenz. In addition to yerkar and tenz, ngesi ‘camp’, is also of importance: it is an everyday economic and social unit, whereas tenz and yerkar denote larger circles of social ties. Dolgich, Chomič, and Vasilʹev have summarised the often fragmented and variable data concerning the family names and the population numbers, and their conclusions are cited in the commentaries related to names. However, one should keep in mind that the social groups are not as stable as the notions might indicate. (Chomič 1966: 141–144; Chomič 1976: 96; Dolgich 1970; Vasilʹev 1979; Volžanina 2010: 17–24) och af dem finnas i Mesenska kretsen The Mezenʹ uezd was founded in 1780, and it covered a large area from the River Mezenʹ to the Ural Mountains. Administratively, the uezd was part of the Arkhangel’sk oblast’ and Vologodskoe namestničestvo. In addition to the uezd centre, Mezenʹ, the slobodkas of Pustozersk, Ižma, and Ust-Cil’ma represented significant administrative centres. In 1835, the Nenets were given the right of possession of their ancestral lands, which were divided into the Kanin, Timan, and Bolšezmelʹskaja tundras. (Gosudarstvennyj archiv 2000: 264; Trošina & Minčuk 2015) följande: The Samoyeds are divided into tribes (rody), and in the…

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 010
description: Samojedernes antal i Mesenska kretsen: See [Mezen uezd]. The number of Samoyeds in the Mezen' uezd I. Устцылемскаго ведомства Большеземельских крещен ныхъ I. Under the administration of Ust-Cylem, Bolshezemelsk Christians 1) въ числе Хатанзейскаго рода Chatanzejskij 110 2) Выучейскаго Vyučejskij 51 161 II. Ижемскаго Ведомства ясашныхь II. Under the administration of Izhem, yasak payers Rubel Roubles 1. Хатанзейскаго Chatanzejskij 213 204 2. Валей Valej 81 82 3. Ванюты Vanjuty 101 92 4. Выучейскаго Vyucejskij 10 11 5. Хатанзеискаго Chatanzejskij 24 23 6. Валей Valej 37 30 7 Хатанзеискаго Chatanzejskij 14 5 480 447 III. Тiунскаго л. Тиманского береговъ III. Tiuskii or Timan Coast 304 296 Канинскаго Берега Kanin Coast 354 357 658 653 Rubel Roubles Всего по Мезенссскому уезду Самоедов Total number of Samoyeds in the Mezen' uezd 2330 1245 Всего по Мезенск. уезду крестьянъ Total number of peasants in the Mezen\ uezd 10430 11566

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 011
description: 1. Pustoserka Sloboden 1. Under the administration of Pustozersk Skattbetalande Number of taxpayers Тыссiи 312 Ноготыссiи 181 Локейскаго 343 Выучейскаго 92 Хатанзеискаго 927 Ванюты Ischemska Sloboden. Хатанзейскаго 251 Ванюты 101 Выучейсскаго 10 Валей 109 480 Тiунскаго и Тиманскаго берега Устьцылемскаго ведомства. Хатанзейскаго 110 Выучеискаго 51 161 II. Тiунскаго или Тимианскаго береговъ III.

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 012
description: II. Tiунскаго или Тиманскаго береговъ alla ätter tillsammantagne utgörs 379. III. Канинской тундры Tillsamman 429 Anm[ärka]. Dessa utgöra de skattbetalandes antal för år 1843. Alla samtlige 2377 skattbt. / Köppen Peter von Köppen (Pëtr Ivanovič Kèppen, 1793–1864), a statistician and cartographer, who worked with ethnographic maps during the 19th century (Suchova 1993; Gibson 2022: 49–97). According to Köppen, there were 2390 Samoyed men and 2105 Samoyed women and in total 4495 Samoyed in the area between Cape Kanin and the Urals (Köppen 1843: 59). 2390./ II. Total number consisting of all the tribes at the shores of Timan 379 III. Total number in Kanin tundra 429. Note. This is the number of taxpayers in 1843. Total 2377 taxpayers.

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 015
description: Kaninska Samojeder äro rikare än Timanska, Before the mid-19th century, when Castrén was travelling in the European Arctic, large-scale nomadic reindeer herding was developing fast, but, as shown by Krupnik (1976; 1993: 171–80), it never meant a stable number of reindeer herds, but rather there was a constant change in the number of herds as a result of ecological, political, and economic factors. In addition, it is important to note that instead of a total shift, there were always herders with fewer reindeer, which also means more reliance on fishing and hunting. The Kanin and Timan Nenets seem to have shifted to a pastoralist economy before the Bolʹšezemelʹskaja ones, which is why they also had more reindeer in the early 19th century. (See Tuisku 1999: 58–65; Stammler 2005: 62–66; Anderson 2014; Stepanoff et al. 2017; Dolgich 1970: 23–25.) de der åter äro mycket fattiga. Rika Samojj[eder]. i Kanin hafver ändå till 2000 renar, få hafva blott 2 eller 3, haf- va så många, omkring 10 hafva 1000, många 5-600 fattiga hafva 25-50. Bland Timanska Samojeder hafva blott 2 eller 3 pers. 500 Samojj. The number of reindeer is one indicator of the development of a large-scale pastoralist reindeer economy. The variation in the sizes of the herds is not only a marker of economic stratification, but rather indicates that there were different kinds of economic strategies among the Nenets. Those who owned only a few reindeer used them as draught animals and focused on fishing and hunting, and were most probably hired by Russian or Komi merchants. With a few hundred reindeer, one could live by selling hunting products, whereas with thousands of reindeer, there was a possibility of living on reindeer products alone. (See Krupnik 1976.) As noted recently, the number of reindeer not only gave prestige and enabled movement but also tied the large-scale reindeer herders to the tundra and the herd (Golovnev 2004; Stepanoff et al. 2017). It is rather perplexing how fast the combination of l…

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 016
description: De Samojeder, som under vinter idka hafsfiske, nomadise rа äfven med sina renar vid hafvet. Those Samoyeds who during the winter are engaged in sea fishing also live with their reindeer by the sea. Kaninska Samojeder meta navaga Ru navaga, TN наваңа ʻnavaga’. (Eleginus nawaga). om hösten under is i floder, göra af bly en maschin af följ[ande]. utseende. Description and picture missing. Navaga metas om hösten, är mager om vintern. The Kanin Samoyeds fish for navaga with a seine in the autumn under the river ice; they make a device of lead with the following appearance [description and picture missing]. Navaga are fished for with a seine in the autumn; they are lean in the winter. Om sommaren fånga ock några få i floder камбала Ru kambala, TN пелха ʻEuropean plaice’ (Pleuronectes platessa). och голци Ru golec, TN няңгэхей ʻArctic char’ (Salvelinus alpinus). med nät. In the summer some also catch European plaice and Arctic char with nets in the rivers. Om vintern fångar man псецъ fjällracka, лисицъ (räfvor), utan medelst skydd äfven med кулома (Ijenguh), Most probably TN еся яңго ‘foothold trap’, literally ʻiron trap’. Trapping was practised from November to March, when the fox fur was at its most beautiful and valuable. The traps were set just under the snow so that the bait, seal, lemming, or fat, would be below the wind. Often, the front leg was trapped. Foxes were also trapped with dead-fall and cage traps (пя яңго) and through communal hunting, in which a group of foxes was driven to an open space, for example a frozen lake cover, and then shot. (Chomič 1966: 66-68.) som är alldeles lik en råttfälla, blott något större. In winter Arctic foxes and foxes are also hunted with traps such as kuloma (Ijenguh), which are very similar to a rat trap, only slightly bigger. Fattiga Samojeder kunna ej sysselsätta sig med промышление i hafvet eme- dan härtill fordras båtar, fock och andra stora anstalter, redskap m.m. Om det händes, att hösten är våt ocj slaskig och om derpå f…

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 017
description: Timanska tundran (Тиманскiй берегъ) Timanskij bereg refers to the Timan tundra. It is a plain stretching from the River Pëša to Pečora Bay. (NAO-ES: 154, 256–257) är till större delen bevuxen med svag björkskog. Denna tundra börjar från floden Nes och sträcker sig till Petshora. Landet är lågt, tufvigt. Här finnes och berg, Ти- манскiй каменъ, som består af синiй каменъ. I bergsklyftor finnes slipsten. Från Nes till Petshora räknas omkr[ing]. 450 verst. Innevanarne på dna[denna] tundra, som vid sista revision utg[öres]. 450 själar mk.[människor], lifnära sig vår och sommar af fiske i sjöar och floder, haf här finnes i mgd[mängd]. De fånga sik, Ru sig, TN палкурʹ ʻEuropean whitefish’ (Coregonus lavaretus). gädda, TN сяторэй ʻNorthern pike’ (Esox lucius). пеледа, Ru pelyadʹ (also syrok), TN пайха ʻpeled’ (Coregonus peled). голциа, кумжа. Ru kumža ʻbrown trout’ (Salmon trutta). Om hösten meta de navaga. The Timan tundra (Timanskij bereg) consists for the most part of low birch forest. The area begins at the River Nes and extends to the River Petshora. The country is low, with hummocks, and there is also a mountain, Timanskij kamenʹ, which is formed of blue stone. In ravines, there are grindstones. From the Nes to the Petshora it is approximately 450 versts. The residents of the tundra, according to the last revision 450 souls, subsist in the spring and summer on catching fish in the lakes and rivers and the ocean, which are abundant here. They fish for whitefish, pike, peled, golica, and trout. In the autumn, they seine for navaga. Om vintern fånga de fillfraser och räfvar, i ringa mängd. Pustoserska bönder och Mesenska borgare Commercial hunting of sea mammals and fur-bearing animals and fishing were mainly a joint practice of the Nenets and the Russian Pomors in the 19th-century European Arctic. The communities that managed seasonal hunting and fishing practices (Ru edoma, TN нядʹʹма) were based on intraethnic family ties and long-term interethnic cooperation. The Ne…

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 018
description: Samojeder och Ryssar skjuta räfvar, Fox furs were one of the most significant items in trade and taxation. They were hunted with different kinds of traps, such as snares and foothold traps, and with crossbows. (Chomič 1966: 70–71) vargar och andra djur på följ. vis: Man gör af snö en fyrkant sig - ett rum Man gör af snö ett rum till formen en fyrkant och så stort, att en mska[människa] beqvämt kan ligga derstädes. Wid ena ändan af anstalten finnes en öppnung hvarigenom skytten kryper in i rummet, som han efter ingången betäcker. På andra sidan finnas i hvardera hör- net ett litet hål, genom hka[hvilka] skytten lurar på och skjuter villdjuret, som lockas till stället genom utfall beten, af skjälkött, renkött m.m. The Samoyeds and Russians shoot foxes, wolves, and other animals in the following manner: one makes a square shaped-room of snow. The room is made so large that a man can comfortably lie there. At one end of the building there is an opening through which the shooter crawls into the room, which he covers after entering. On the other side, in each corner, there is a small hole, through which the shooter lurks and shoots wild animals which are attracted to the place with the help of baits such as seal and reindeer meat. Räfvar Fattiga Timanska Samojeder fånga vildren om våren, mindre om hösten i skogiga trakter, om- kring floden Mesen. Man fångar vildrenen med skytte, stundom äfven med snaror. - På tundran finns ej vildren. Likaså fånga Timm[Timanska]. och äfven andra Samojj.[Samojeder] dels med bössa, dels i gropar. Before the development of a pastoralist reindeer economy, hunting wild reindeer provided the Nenets with food, materials for the tent, clothing, and utensils such as rope. They are still hunted, but on a lesser scale. Wild reindeer could be hunted collectively or individually. It took place on the customary migration routes of the reindeer or in their autumn pastures. In collective hunting the reindeer were driven to specifically built corridors an…

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 019
description: På Kanin Nos finnas vinter-tiden få Samojeder, ty landet är litet och renmossa saknas. «Landet är vid hafsstränderna sankt, och då mycket snö l. regn faller om hösten, lägger sig öfverallt en tjock isskorpa, som hindrar renarne att uppgräfva mossan.» There are few Samoyeds on Kanin Nos during the wintertime because the land is small and there is no reindeer moss. «The land is mossy by the sea shores, and when it is snowing or raining a lot in the autumn, a thick ice crust settles everywhere, and it prevents the reindeer from digging moss.» Somliga stadna der utan renar och idka under vintern hafsfångst. För öfrigt vistas äfven den Kaninska tundrans be- byggare under vintern vid den Timanska stranden. Some stay there without reindeer and practise sea fishing during the winter. The rest of the residents of the Kanin tundra stay on the Timan shore during the winter. På Kanin Nos drifves fånge öfverallt vid hafvet, men förnämligast på venstra sidan om Kap Mikulkin, der fångsten är mycket gifvande. At Kanin Nos, they hunt everywhere in the sea, but mainly on the left-hand side of Cape Mikulkin, where the catch is very rewarding. Ryssarna idka hafsfånge med stora båtar (карбасъ), Ru karbas TN харбас is a Russian, especially Pomor vessel with oars and sails. They were used both as river and sea vessels for fishing and hunting sea mammals. (Lepëchin 1805: 10–11; ESBE 1895: 472-473 (karbasʹʹ)) som ros af 8, 12-16 personer. De taga i sin sold mest Samo- jeder och betala dem antingen contacter eller gifva en del af fångsten. Wanligtvis stå Samojederne i skuld Several sources mention the incurring of debts among the indigenous peoples, including the Nenets, in relation to taxation and trade. The indigenous peoples themselves had been complaining about misconduct since at least 1682. On commercial fishing, see note [017. Mezen merchants]. (Schrenk 1848: 487-492; Islavin 1847: 54–66; Lehtisalo 1956: LVIII–LIX; 1959: 87–88; Forsyth 1992: 158–163; Alekseev (ed.) 2010: 101; Latkin: …

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 020
description: Näset Savoinoj Nos är mycket smalt. Här plägas Samojj[eder]. om hösten jaga med renar псецъ till [yttersta] yttersta ändan af näset. Somliga skjutas, andra klubbas i vattnet, der de klubbas. - Псецъ lifnärer sig af морскиiй зверъ och uppehåller sig i mängd vid hafvet. Cape Savoinoj Nos is very narrow. The Samoyeds tend to hunt Arctic foxes and reindeer at the very end of the cape in the autumn. Some are shot, others are hammered [should be: driven] into the water, where they are clubbed. The Arctic foxes eat sea mammals and reside in abundance by the sea. Liksom Lappar vilja ej Samojeder försälja något åt en främmande, The commercial contacts were permanent and based on transgenerational continuity. See [Mezen merchants] om han förut genom brännvin ej gjort sig till vän. Svarta räfvar försälja rika Samojj[eder]. ej för ngt[någonting], ehuru de skola hafva dem uppstapplade i stora högar. Like the Lapps, the Samoyeds do not want to sell anything to a stranger if he has not previously made himself a friend through vodka. Rich Samoyeds do not sell black fox skins for anything, although they can have them stacked in great heaps. På Waigats fångas Sam[ojeder] om sommaren моржи - skjuta de på is (utan karbas) Моржи sofva på is - äro fredliga, se mskan[människan] men ligga de oaktad. Om sommaren fångas ock нерпы s[a]mt заеци. Hvita björnar finnas här om sommaren ej, gå till sommaren på fasta landet. In Vaigatsh, the Samoyeds hunt walruses in the summer; they shoot them on the ice (without karbas). The walruses sleep on the ice – they are peaceful, they see man, but they lie indifferently. In the summer seals are also hunted, as well as bearded seals. There are no polar bears here in the summer; they go to the mainland in the summer.

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 021
description: Samojederne samlas vid Pustosersk Jul-tiden för att afyttra sina hudar och skinvaror eller dermed be- tala sin skulld åt Ryssar, samt förse sig med mjöl, krut, bly och andra förnödenheter. Wid den- na tillfälle samlar starschinan Ru staršina ʻchief’. The tribute paid in furs, yasak, was habitually collected by the head of the family, who disbursed them in the administrative centres. After the 1822/1835 reform (see [044. yasak]), this customary system became legally regulated. In Siberia, the chiefs were occasionally called princes, Ru knjažec, a practice dating back to before the Russian conquest. (Perevalova 2019; Lëzova 2000; Forsyth 1992: 28–47; Alekseev (ed.) 2010: 117–136) deras skatt, utgörande omkring 3,30 Rub[el] Arf för hvarje Samo- jed. Efter 2 veckors fylleri begifva de sig åter till hafvet. During Christmastime the Samoyeds gather in Pustozersk in order to sell their hides and skins or to pay back their debts to the Russians, as well as to provide for themselves flour, gunpowder, lead, and other necessities.Their leader collects taxes on the same occasion, about 3.30 roubles for each Samoyed. After two weeks of drunkenness, they go back to the sea. På Timanska och Kaninska tundran fara star- schina omkring och samla skatten. In the Timan and Kanin tundras, the leader travels around to collect the tax.

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 022
description: På ön Kolgujeff Kolguev (TN Холгов). Castrén’s knowledge represents a typical example of second-hand information on Kolguev, which as an island was seldom visited by outsiders. Nenets families had possibly already moved to the island in the late 18th century, but during the 19th, several families definitely settled on Kolguev. Moving onto the island and living there was based on mutual relations with Russian merchants and Pomors, with whom the Nenets had contracts over herding reindeer and trade. (Lepëchin 1805: 193–196 Trevor-Battye 2004; Podekrat 1936: 73; Chomič 1966: 17, n11; Lukin 2011: 25–33) lefva flere Samojeder, nomadiserande med renhjordar och idkande hafsfånge. Sina renar öfverföra de om sommaren med båtar. Hafsfån- get och landsfånget är här forträffligt. På landet fångas псеци, hvita björnar (som gå på hafvet och land), (räfvar mycket litet, en sällsynthet och wargar litet.) Ryssar föra dit mjöl och andra förnödenheter, ty de som bo der, röra sig sällan d[eri]från. Ifrån Sv[jatoi]. Nos fördas man på en dag med segel, från Kolokolsk[aja]. Guba på ett dygn. Här finnes en bergsträckning, som löper från sydvest till no[rr]. På södra sidan är berget lägre, höjer sig och går brant i hafvet på mots[att]. sidan. On the island of Kolguev there are several living, nomadising with reindeer herds and practising sea hunting. They transfer the reindeer by boats in the summer. Sea and land hunting is rewarding here. On the land, they hunt Arctic foxes, polar bears (which walk on the sea and land), very few foxes, which are a rarity, and a few wolves. The Russians bring flour and other necessities there, as those who live there rarely travel away [to the mainland]. One can go there in a day by sailing from Svjatoi Nos, 24 hours from Kolokolskaja Guba. There is a mountain range running from the south-west to the north. It is lower on the southern side of the mountains, where the mountain is lower; on the opposite side the land rises and goes steeply into the sea. Likaso…

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 023

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 024
description: Bolshe-Semelska Samojeder lyda under tre voloster: Pu- stosersk, Ischma och Ustsylimsk. Alla Samojj[eder]. byta upp om hösten från hafvet, och färdas små- ningom en hvar till sin volost, der de träffa kring Jul; för betala der sin jasak, förse sig med mjöl, krut, bly, smor, mjölk, snart afyttra renhudar, samt andra djurskinn, förja- ga sig åter till hafvet. The Bolshezemelskaja Samoyeds are subject to three volosts: Pustozersk, Izhma, and Ustsylimsk. All the Samoyeds move away from the sea in the autumn, and travel little by little to their own volosts, where they meet around Christmastime, to pay there their yasak tax, provide themselves with flour, gunpowder, lead, butter, and milk, to quickly sell reindeer hides, as well as other animal skins, and return to the sea. Uusa och Petschora, Ob och andra strora elfvar kls[kallas] af Sam[ojeder]. jam, haf. TN ям’ ʻsea’. As noted, the Nenets use ямʹ to refer to large rivers, e.g. Санэроʹʹ ямʹ (or Санэроʹʹ яха) ʻRiver Pečora’, Саля ямʹ ʻRiver Obʹ. The Uusa and Petschora, Ob, and other great rivers are called jam ‘sea’ by the Samoyeds.

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 025
description: Fattiga Samojeder fiska dels i sjöar och floder om sommaren, dels äflas med hafs- fånge. Poor Samoyeds partly fish in lakes and rivers in the summer, and partly practise sea hunting. Rika Samojeder, på BS[Bolshezemelskaja tundran], som äflas med hafsfånge kunna blott taga med sig ett ringa antal renar, emedan der ej finnas tillräcklig mossa. In the Bolshezemelskaja tundra, those rich Samoyeds who practise sea hunting can take only a small number of reindeer with them [to the seashore], because there is not enough reindeer moss. I Januari och Februari idkas på Bolshes[emelskaja]. tundran ej hafsfånge (för stormer?) In January and February sea hunting is not practised in the Bolshesemelskaja tundra (because of storms?) De som under vinter ej drifva hafsfången fånga горные зверы. Those who do not hunt sea mammals during the winter hunt land mammals. Högst sju eller åtta fånga på en båt, minst 4. Den hvars båten är behåller tvenne delar af fångsten, en för sig, en för båten. Fångas нерпа (om vintern obetydligt, mest om vår och höst - den släpper om sommaren ej när sig, men om vår och höst sofver hon på isen och är lätt afkomlig), заецъ och моржъ - dessa skjutas, eller först med kroken, М[орский]. Заецъ skjutes och tages med nosok Ru nosok ʻharpoon’. ur vattnet; моржъ tages först med nosok, så med spjut. Морж skjutes sällan emedan ders hud ej trängs af kulan. Bä- There can be a maximum of seven or eight hunters in a boat, at least four. The one who owns the boat keeps two parts of the catch, one for himself, one for the boat. They hunt ringed seals (in winter insignificant, mostly in spring and autumn – they do not let hunters near them in the summer, but in spring and autumn they sleep on the ice and are easily approached), bearded seals, and walruses – with a hook. Bearded seals are shot and taken out of the water with a harpoon a walrus is taken first with a harpoon, them with a spear. Walruses are seldom shot because a bullet cannot penetrate their skin.

Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 026
description: luger fånga Samojeder ej, de ega här ej redskap - nåt af tåg. The Samoyeds do not hunt beluga whales; they have no equipment – rope nets – for it. Syrjänerne uppehålla sig blott den besätte sommar=tiden vid hafvet, emedan renarne ej uthärda hettan i skogen. Andra tider nomadi- sera de i skogiga trakter vid Uusa och ders bifloder (se handl[ingen].) Presumably, Castrén is referring to his own texts about the reindeer-herding Komi, the so-called Ižma Komi. See Castrén 2019: 517–523. The Syrians only reside by the sea in the summertime, because the reindeer cannot endure the heat in the forest. At other times they nomadise in the wooded areas around the River Uusa and its tributaries (see document.) Om sommaren komma till tundror- na en otrolig myckenhet gäss för att rugga, svanor i mindre antal. In the summer an incredible number of geese come to the tundra to mate, swans in smaller numbers. På tundrorna ufinnas möss och rottor af olika slag. There are different kinds of mice and rats in the tundra. Bland foglor är snöripan utesl.[uteslutande] tundran tillhög.[tillhörig] The willow grouse is the only bird that belongs to the tundra. Träd på tundran finnas ej - utom qwarters höga björkbuskar, som ej duga till brän- sle, som Samojj[eder]. måste skaffa från långt afständ och ofta föra med sig de vid hafvet, ställa de med med sig och samla drif-ved. There are no trees in the tundra – except birch bushes a quarter of a metre high, which are not suitable for burning. The Samoyeds have to obtain firewood from a long distance and they often drive by the sea, settle there, and collect driftwood. Bär på tundran: hjortron i ofantlig mkenh[myckenhet], som Samojj[eder]. om sommaren samla Berries in the tundra: cloudberries in immense quantities. The Samoyeds gather them in the summer

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description: till vintern och förvara i tunnor kråkbär, hundbär (koiran juolukka), Finnish koiranjuolukka (Vaccinium uliginosum). tranbär och några andra, som ej ätas for the winter and store them in barrels. Crowberries, bog bilberries (koiran juolukka) cranberries, and some others, which are not eaten. Bland husdjur finnes blott hunden och tämda fjällräckor. Kattar brukas ej. Hunden är liten, ullig med spetsig nos. En god renhund hör till Samojedens förnäm- sta egendom. Dogs and tamed Arctic foxes are the only domestic animals. They have no cats. Their dogs are small and woolly and have a pointed nose. A good reindeer dog is the Samoyed’s most significant possession.

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description: Tundra betecknar ett skoglöst ställe. Här finnas höjder, dalar, floder, sjöar och kärr. Bland jordarter förek[ommer]. land och sten i största ymnighet, äfven lera och svart jord. Den sv[arta]. jorden synes hafva uppstått af torkad dy och förekommer mest vid låga och fuktiga ställen. Äfven den är ej uteslutande tundran tillhörig, utan anträffas äfven ofta wid floder. Det är i sådan jord inom mammuth-ben anträffas; emedan jorden är fuktig, snö bildrar sig deri en is, som under sommaren ej smälter. Isen har räddat mammuth-benen See [Jengora]. från förrutnelse. Tundra denotes a forestless place. There are heights, valleys, rivers, lakes, and marshes. Among soil types, there is a variety of land and stone categories; there is also clay and black earth. The black earth seems to have arisen from dried sludge and it occurs most frequently in low and humid places. It does not belong exclusively to the tundra, but is also often found by the rivers. It is in such soil that mammoth bones are found; because the earth is damp, snow forms ice in it, and the ice does not melt during the summer. The ice has saved the mammoth bones from decay.

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description: Samojederne kallas af Wologdska Syrjänerna: Jögra, Contemporary Komi jögra ʻjugra‘. This could go back to the practice of contrasting the Bolʹšezemelʹskaja Nenets with the other Nenets of European Russia. For example, the Kanin and Timan Nenets contrasted themselves with the “Jugor Nenets” (jugorskie nency) in the 17th century; there was also a contrast between the Forest and Jugor Nenets (Dolgich 1970: 15, 23–25). Jögra- jas, af Ischemska Syrjänerna: Jaran, Komi jaran ʻNenets’. af Ostja- ker, Qoю-choj l[eller]. Orjach. Obdorsk Khanty or-jaχ ʻNenets’ (or ʻpeople’; or-χŭj ʻNenets man; or-neŋ ʻNenets woman’). Typical Khanty expressions for the Nenets are DN (Southern Khanty) jărǝn, V (Eastern Khanty) jărɣan, Kaz (Northern Khanty) jŏrǝn. (UMF) The Samoyeds are called Jögra or Jögrajas by the Wologda Syrians; Jaran by the Izhma Syrians; Qoю-choj or Orjach by the Ostyaks.