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Tsilma, The following represents a list of the rivers in the Bolʹšezemelʹskaya tundra. The River Cilˈma flows into the Pečora from the left (west) at N65°26′33″ E52°5′41″. (KL, TS) 250 verst fr[ån]. Pustosersk Pustozersk is the former administrative centre of the European Arctic. See note [Pustozersk]. N67°32′11″ E52°35′11″ The Tsilma, 250 versts from Pustosersk Pischma, The Pižma flows into the Pečora from the left 419 km from its mouth. (TS) faller omkring 1 verst ofvanom i Ischma The River Ižma (Ru)/Izʹva (Komi) flows into the Pečora at Ustˈ-Ižma, N65°19′18″ E52°54′36″. (TS) (i Petschora), The Pečora flows into the Polar Sea at N68°13′4″ E54°13′58″. ett sund af Petschora The Pischma, falls around one verst up into the Ischma (in Petschora), straits of Petschora. Nierits The River Nerica flows into the Pečora at N65°20′56″ E52°45′43″. GVR (Нерицкая), äfven by, 5 verts från utl[opp]. Äfven andra små byar, omkr[ing]. 30 ofvanom Pischma. The Nierits (Nerickaja), also a village five versts from the mouth of the river. Also other small villages. Around 30 versts up from the Pischma. Ischemsk, 10 verst från Nierits = 40 från Tsilma alla falla i Petschora från v[änstra]. sida. The Ischemsk, 10 versts from the Nierits = 40 [versts] from the Tsilma. They all fall into the Petschora from the left side. Nedanom Ischemska volosten floden: Siebisch The River Sèbysʹ (Sebysʹ, Tobyš) flows into the Ižma. GVR (Тобишь) - faller i Ischma från östra sidan - 2> omkring 200 verst lång - mkt[mycket] krokig - farbar med båtar. Lower in the Ischemsk volost, there is a river called the Siebisch (Tobišʹ) – it flows into the Ischma from the eastern side; around 200 versts long, very winding, navigable with a boat. Petschora, ifrån Ust-Ischma åt NO 10 verst högre om byn Praskan böjer sig Petsch[ora] <--> åt söder The Petschora, from Ust-Ischma to the north-east to the right of the village of Praskan, the Petschora turns <--> to the south. *Pjutscha, The River Pyča flows into the Revun-Šar. GVR *Lapjuga, The Lapʹjuga-Šar flows into the Pečora. GVR *Borovej Possibly the River Borovaya. GVR från högra sidan F. <--> * Tschjuljej, The River Čulej flows into the River Pečora. ifrån norra sidan *The Pjutscha,*the Lapjuga,*the Borovej from the right side <--> *the Tschjuljej, from the northern side. Dvojnik The River Nižnij Dvojnik flows into the River Pečora. GVR ifrån norra sidan Чарка, The River Čarkaju. GVR från norr Mutnej, The River Mutnaja flows into the River Cilʹma. från norr Lebed The River Lebedʹ. GVR (Jusja) från norr. Laja The River Laja Oo. GVR Oo stor lång flod endast farbar Денизовка The River Denisovka flows into the River Pečora. GVR Andruзckkina, The River Andrjuškina flows into the Pečora. GVR från norr. Uusa The Usa flows into the Pečora west of Kolva, at N65°57′54″ E56°56′2″. (TS) Kolwa The Kolva flows into the Usa from the right (north) at N65°55′31″ E57°19′9″. (TS) The Dvojnik, from the northern side. The Čarka, from the north. The Mutnej, from the north. The Lebed (Jusja), from the north. The Laja Oo, a large, long river that is well navigable. The Denizovka Oo The Andrizskkina, from the north. The Uusa The Kolwa
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Till Uusa falla Черная The River Černaja flows into the Barents Sea at N68°36ʹ44ʹʹ E56°35ʹ22ʹʹ. (Tschud ju) från norr. Sыnja, The Bol’šaja Synja, flowing into the Usa from the left (south) at N65°58′20″ E58°1′16″. (TS) från norr. Ольховая, The River Olʹchovej (Olʹchovaja) flows into the River Usa. GVR från norr. 2. Makarika, The River Bolʹšaja Makaricha flows into the River Usa. GVR från norr 1. Scharju, Possibly the River Bolʹšaja Usa (Sart-ju). GVR fl.[flod] från söder Заостронный, The River Zaostrennaja flows into the River Usa. GVR från söder Хырморъ, TN Хирмор or Хырмор (Komi Adzˈva) flows into the Usa from the right (north) at N66°35′16″ E59°21′49″. (TS, KL) fr[ån]. norr The following rivers flow into the Uusa: The Černaja (Tschud ju), from the north. The Sыnja, from the north. The Olʹchovaja, from the north. 2. The Makarika, from the north. 1. The River Scharju, from the south. The Zaostronnyj, from the South. The Chyrmorʹʹ, from the north Xaruta The River Charuta-Ju flows into the River Adzʹva. GVR från öster 40 fr[ån] <--> E. Хаседа*, The River Chaseda-Ju flows into the River Adzʹva. GVR «Xosjeda utgör hällften af Хыrmor.» fr[ån] vester, 7 verst <-> Nierju ju, The River Neru-Ju flows into the River Adzʹva. GVR fr[ån] vester, 60 fr[ån] <--> Njadaei-jaga, The River Bolʹšaja Njadejta flows into the River Adzʹva. GVR fr[ån] öster, 60 nordlig The Charuta from the east 40 [versts] from <--> The Chaseda, «The Xosjeda is half the size of Хыrmor.» from the west, 7 versts <-> The Nierju ju, from the west, 60 [versts] from <--> The Njadaei-jaga, from the east, 60 northern * Adak The River Bolʹšaja Adakʹju flows into the River Usa. GVR (2), bäck, fr. den ena från norr, den andra fr[ån]. vester - midt emot hdra[hvarandra]. 15 verst norr. Поварница, The River Povarnica flows into the River Usa. GVR 30 v[erst] fr[ån] Adak från söder Kosja, The Kosʹju, flowing into the Usa from the left (south) at N66°17′51″ E59°52′55″. Its headwaters are situated in the Urals. (TS) den största - halfva Uusa - från söder. mycket djup - klart vatten. Faller från <Uusa>. Bottnet synligt gl[genom] 4 famnar. Biflod: Кожимъ. The River Kožim flows into the Kosʹju. GVR Kocmes, The River Bolʹšoj Kocmes flows into the Usa. GVR 10 v[erst] fr[ån] Kosja Хузморъ The Rogovaja or Verchnjaja Rogovaja or Bolʹšaja Rogovaja flows into the Usa from the right (north) at N66°30′13″ E60°37′1″. (TS) (2)= Rögowej. den nedre liten, den öfre stor, större än Хырмор. Ольховая, 45 från Хузм. från norr. Ljomwa, The Lemva (Lëmva) flows into the Usa from the left (south) at N66°30′15″ E61°59′24″. (TS) mkt[mycket] stor-klart vatten. <--> falla. The *Adak (2), brook, only one from the north, another from the west – opposite each other. 15 versts from the north. The Povarnica, 30 versts from Adak from the south. The Kosja, the largest – half of the Uusa – from the south. Extremely deep, clear water. Flows from the Uusa. Visibility to the bottom four fathoms. Tributary: the Kožimʹʹ. The Kocmes, 10 versts from the Kosja. The Chuzmorʹʹ (2)= Rögowej. The lower is small, the upper large, larger than the Chyrmor. The Olʹchovaja, 45 [versts] from the Chyzmorʹʹ, from the north. The Ljomwa, extremely large, clear water. .. <--> flows into [missing].
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Юняга The River Jun-Jaga flows into the River Lemva. GVR från öster fr[ån] Ural Pagajaga The River Paga flows into the River Lemva. GVR från öster fr[ån] Ural Харута The River Charuta flows into the Lemva. GVR från öster fr[ån] Ural The Junjaga from the east, from the Urals. The Pagajaga from the east, from the Urals. The Charuta from the east, from the Urals. *Köbla=ju, The River Kebyla-ju flows into the Usa. GVR 60 verst fr[ån] Ljomva. fr[ån] öster. *Sjad=jaga, The River Sjad-Jaga flows into the Usa. GVR 35 fr[ån] Koblaju, fr[ån] norr. Sjojda, The River Sjoida flows into the Usa. GVR 6 verst från Sjadj[aga]. Köчpel, The River Kjočʹ-Pelʹ flows into the Usa. GVR 20 verst fr[ån] Sjoida Worchota i tvenne grenar. 10 [verst] från Köчpel, mkt[mycket] lång - kommer rakt från norr från tundran (ej Ural) Jielets, The River Jelec flows into the Usa. GVR 25 [verst] fr[ån] Worch[ota]. The River Vorkuta flows into the Usa. GVR fr[ån] Öster. The *Köbla=ju, 60 versts from the Ljomva, from the east. The *Sjad=jaga, 35 versts from the Koblaju, from the north. The Sjojda, 6 versts from the Sjadj[aga]. The Köčrel, 20 versts from the Sjoida The Worchota has two branches. 10 [versts] from the Köčrel, very long, comes straight from the north, from the tundra (not from the Ural Mountains) The Jielets, 25 [versts] from the Worch[ota], from the east.
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Häebide puedara. Хэбидя пэдара ʻSacred woods’. A spruce forest and river with the same name in the Bolʹšezemelʹskaja tundra. Currently, the River More-Ju flows into Xajpudyr Bay in the Barents Sea at N68°18′58″ E59°40′58″ GVR (Schrenk 1848: 313–314) Черная. vester härom Urier Urdožskoe ozero at N67°14′11″ E50°10′17″. (TS) Малый камень Malyj kamenʹ (TN Нëляко пай) njuoljiko pae. Korotaika The River Korotaicha flows into the Pečora Sea. According to Schrenk, it is called “jadájjagha, d.i. abschüssiger Fluss [Ядайяга (Покатая река)]” in Tundra Nenets. TN едëй ʻslope’. (Schrenk 1848: 330; Šrenk 2009: 225) (TaS, KL) GVR Ojo The River Malaja Oju discharges into the Jugorskij Šar. Häebide puedara. The Černaja. to the west from here Urier Malyj kamenʹ ‘njuoljiko pae’. The Korotaika The Ojo
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470 v[erst] till Tomsk Tomsk is situated on the River Tom at N56°29′19″ E84°57′08″. Founded at the beginning of the 17th century, the town quickly became an important point of trade and transit further east to Siberia. At the beginning of the 19th century, Tomsk became the administrative centre of the Governorate of Tomsk, consisting roughly of south-western Siberia. (Gubernii Rossijskoj imperii: 305) 525 v[erst] till Krasnojarsk Krasnojarsk is situated on the Yenisei at N56°0′28″ E92°51′32″. From 1822 onwards, it was the administrative centre of the Governorate of Enisejsk and had ca. 7000 inhabitants in 1840. (Gubernii Rossijskoj imperii: 110; Statističeskija tablicy: 12) (TS) 317 till Jenis[ei] The Yenisei flows into the Kara Sea at N71°49′46″ E82°42′57″. (TS) 470 versts to Tomsk 525 versts to Krasnojarsk 317 versts to the Yenis[ei] Чежабка. The River Čižapka flows into the River Vasjugan. GVR Sam[ojediska] ᵔCȃs̑ap=kî ᵔCeshapka (Wai-jogan), 100 verst ifrån mynningen af Wasjugans The River Vasjugan flows into the River Obʹ. GVR mynning. Upprinner liksom Wasjugan på Ba- rabanska kärren. Wid denna flod bo Narymska Narym Samoyed refers to a regional community of the Selkups. See [225-]. Samojeder. Flo- den är endast bebodd vid den södra delen. Den norra besökes blott af jägare. (Wasjugan är bebodd ända till sina yttersta källor. The Čeržabka. In Samoyed ᵔCȃs̑ap=kî The ᵔCeshapka (Wai-jogan), 100 versts from the mouth of the Wasjugan. Its source, like the source of the Wasjugan, is in the Baraban bogland. The Narym Samoyed live by this river. There is settlement only in the southern part of the river. Only hunters visit the northern part. (There is settlement by the Wasjugan up to its furthest sources.) Xalat The River Salat flows into the Čižapka. GVR Salát 50 verst norr om mynningen af Çiȇ. - bebodd af Wasjug[anska] Ostjj.[Ostjaker] Båda falla ifrån högra sidan. Ofven ifrån samma sida. The Xalat (Salát), 50 versts to the north from the mouth of af Çiȇ. – populated by Wasjugan Ostyaks. Both rivers fall from the right side. Njúrelka The River Njurolʹka flows into the Vasjugan. GVR (Sarang jach Ostj[akiska]) bebodd af Wasjug[anska] Ostjj.[Ostjaker], utgår ur en sjö kallad Emder-Toch. According to the State Water Register (Gosudarstvennyj vodnyj reestr), Lake Karaulovskoe discharges into the Njurelka. GVR 2. Purelka The River Purelʹka, mentioned by Bojaršinova (1960: 59) as a tributary of the Vasjugan. 1. Kvenelka The River Kvenelʹga, also mentioned by Bojaršinova (1960: 59) as a tributary of the Vasjugan. små floder ifrån Barab[anska] kärren. The Barapa plain or steppe is a lowland area situated between the Rivers Obʹ and Irtyš. The Njúrelka (Sarang jach in Ostyak) is populated by the Wasjugan Ostyaks. It originates from a lake called Emder-Toch. 2. The Purelka 1. The Kvenelka are small rivers from the Baraban boglands. Wasjugan,=(Elle=jogan Ostj[akiska] Elle, stor). Wargî, Samoj[ediska] (wark, stor) Söder om kyrkan finnas kor. Maloj Wasjugan 40? en dagsresa från Ob. The Wasjugan (Elle=jogan in Ostyak. Elle, ʻlarge’). The Wargî, Samoyed (wark, ʻlarge’) There are cattle south of the church. The Maloj Wasjugan 40? [versts], a day’s journey from the Ob. Obs. Wid Parabel The River Parabel’ flows into the Obʹ. GVR bo äfven Samojj.[Samojeder]. NB: There are also Samoyeds living by the River Parabel.
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Kaaᵔal kî, The Tym flows into the Obˈ from the right (north) at N59°25′55″ E80°1′40″. (TS). GVR Tym, Kaal=kî l.[eller] köng (ifr[ån] F[inska] köngäs) Harne-Käragal-kî, The River Parabel’ flows into the Obʹ. GVR Parabel rinner fr[ån] Barabinzer=kärren The Barapa plain or steppe is a lowland area situated between the Rivers Obʹ and Irtyš. emedan här finnes en Rysk by wid mynningen kld[kallad] Harne=kara, kräk=by. The Kaaᵔal kî, Tym, Kaal=kî or köng (from the Finnish köngäs) The Harne-Käragal-kî, the Parabel flows from the Baraban boglands. Because, at the mouth of the river, there is a Russian village called Harpe=kara, kräk=village. Narym, Possibly the Narym-Ega, which flows into the River Kamčinskaja. GVR rinner ifrån Pajdugina, The River Pajdugina flows into the Ketʹ. GVR som utfaller i Ket. The Ketˈ (SE Қыыт) flows into the Obˈ from the right (south-east) at N58°53′56″ E81°33′30″. GVR (TS) Narym är 5 verst lång. Kallas protoka, emedan den efterhand utvidgat sig. The Narym runs from the Pajdugina, which flows into the Ket. The Narym is 5 versts long. It is called protoka, because it becomes broader later. Ket, utfaller i Ob vid sjelfva Narym. Narym is situated on the River Obˈ at N58°55′25″ E81°35′21″. (TS) 50 verst uppför sedan täta Ryska byar - sedan blott Ostj[akisk] Maksimkin Jar Maksimkin Jar is situated at N58°40′44″ E86°49′12″. omkr[ing] 500 verst fr[ån] Narym med kyrka och några Ostj[aker] - Ej Ryssar. Låga stränder öfverframmas berg på högra sidan - moar - byarna på sida. En oändl[ig] mgd[mängd] små bifloder. De största 1) Lieitsa (Lokkesk), ifrån norra (Timska) sidan), faller i Ket i nedra loppet. 2) Orlow, The River Orlovka flows into the Ketʹ. GVR från samma sida, hitom Maksimkin, 3) Озерская The River Ozernaja flows into the Ketʹ. GVR (Kal=do) straxt ofvanom Maks[imkin], ifr[ån] norra The Ket falls into the Ob by Narym itself. 50 versts up the river there is a large Russian village– after that, only the Ostyak [settlement of] Maksimkin. The Jar is around 500 versts from Narym with a church and some Ostyaks – no Russians. Low banks, framed with mountains on the right side – moors – villages on the side. Endless numbers of small tributaries. The largest are 1) the Lieitsa (Lokkesk), from the northern (Tim) side, which flows into the Ket along its lower course; 2) the Orlow, from the same side. Maksimkin on this side; 3) the Ozerskaja (Kal=do), immediately after Maksimkin, from the northern side. ᵔCúp, Russ. Чусак, en biflod, som från venstra sidan faller i Parabel. Köng, lägre ned, från högra sidan. ᵔCág (Малый и болшiй) falla i ᵔCup. The ᵔCúp, in Russian Čusak, a tributary that flows into the Parabel from its left side. The Köng, lower, from the right side. The ᵔCág (Malyj and Bolšij) flows into the ᵔCup.
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Du mitt god, This is a translation of a Komi wedding lament. See Castrén 2019: 495–499. min hulda fader Samla ätter, dubbla stammar Red en aftonvard, förträfflig Tillred så en präktig måltid Gif åt dem en präktig måltid Gör et gladt och muntert gästbud Red ett fröjdrikt bord i stugan Gyllne bord med ceder skifva Bred en prydlig duk på bordet Rada derpå sockenråder. Ref. o. Forskn. T:260. You, my god, my merciful father Collect clans, double tribes Give them a wonderful meal Make a happy and cheerful feast Prepare a joyous table in the cottage Golden table with a share of cedar Spread a neat tablecloth on the table Then line up the parish councils. Ref. o. Forskn. T:260.
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Bolshesemelska Samojeder 1. Tisii Тысъя. One of the six main branches of the European Nenets families (Dolgich 1970: 9–10; Chomič 1976: 108). See also [Вануйти]. 2. Nogotisii Nogotysij. Corresponds to TN Нохо’ Тысъя, fe. Нохоʹ Тысъиʹ; also Ноготысыи. A branch of the Тысъя family (Dolgich 1970: 9–10; Chomič 1976: 105; Tereščenko 2003: 683). 3. Lahei Лахэй. Also Логей, Лэхэй, Лэхэци, Лагейской. Corresponds to the TN family Лэхэ fe. Лэхэй. (Chomič 1966: 151; Chomič 1976: 105; Tereščenko 2003: 170, 206) 4. Wuiutschii TN family Выуци or Вууци corresponds to the contemporary Russianised family name Выйчейской (Chomič 1966: 151; Chomič 1976: 103; Tereščenko 2003: 63). qvinnor women 14 17 25 22 16 8 21 27 12 23 27 24 11 22 9 11 17 23 12 18 9 18 16 20 15 14 19 21 23 35 23 13 24 11 13 12 22 24 15 21 9 [totalt] [total] 176 84 Mankön skattebetalande Male taxpayers 314 182 345 93
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Name Family Name Family Ацелю Юндоминъ Acelju Jundomin'' Лава Lava Пирчико Pirčiko Тебелома Tebeloma Ныгара Nygara Хазаватко Chazavatko
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verst versts Ifrån From Hfors till to Torneå genom Åbo Torneå via Åbo 1165 Ifrån From Torneå till to Rovaniemi 125 Ifrån From Rovaniemi kyrka Rovaniemi village centre till to Wikajärvi 22½ Ifrån From Wikajärvi till to Pirttijärvi 17½ Till To Misijärvi 12½ Till To Ruopsa 25 Till To Lahdenperä 10 Till To Kemiträsk kyrka Kemiträsk village centre 5 Till To Puikkola 7½ Till To Karsa 25 Till To Salmijärvi 10 Till To Märkäjärvi 7½ Till To Atsingi 15 Till To Salla 15 Till To Nousu 20 20 25 Till To Kuosku do 20 10 Till To Savukoski do 20 10 Till To Wäriö do 30 15 Till To Tanhua do 30 15 Till To Lokka 50 gamla 50 old 25 Till To Korwanen 30 gamla 30 old 20 Till To Enare kyrka Enare village centre 180 Till To Karasjoki kyrka Karasjoki village centre 160 Retour Back 160 Fram och tillbaka There and back till en to a fjällby tundra village 90 Ifrån From Enare genom Patsjoki Enare via Patsjoki till to Ryska byn Siinniel Russian village of Siinniel 180 Ifrån From Siinniel till to Kola 150 2602½ Ifrån From Kola till to Kilsiskgsk 20 Retour 20 Ifrån From Kola till to Kitsa (Kjeddjam) Кица, stans Kitsa (Kjeddjam) Kica 30 Till To Воронеручевской (Angesvaare) Voroneručevskoj (Angesvaare) 22 Till To Maasesid (Maanselkä) by 22 (Áiverjáur=Imandra) Till To Раснавологъ (Rasnjarg) Rasnavologʹʹ (Rasnjarg) 35 Till To Вороньеозерской (Rik.suolo, F. Rik-hataiväl) Voronʹeozerskoj (Rik.suolo, F. Rik-hataiväl) 15 Итртек (Osäll) Itrtek (Osäll) Till To Ekostroff (´Cuk-Suolo) 35 Till To Зажеика (Nieske) Zažeika (Nieske) 30 Till To Kandalaks 30 Till To Кенза (Näsä) Kenza (Näsä) 30 Till To Kouta 30 Till To Чернорека (Mustajoki) Černoreka (Mustajoki) 21 Kemska kretsen: Kem district: Бекозеро (Vehkajärvi) Bekozero (Vehkajärvi) 14 Puolimaa eller Typykkä Puolimaa or Typykkä by, 3 gårdar village, 3 houses 8 Kälkäjärvi eller Pajari (Bojarskoi) Kälkäjärvi or Pajari (Bojarskoi) 8 gårdar 8 houses 18 Sarviniemi eller Pulteri (Булдерской), Sarviniemi or Pulteri (Bulderskoj), by village 22 Pilsijärvi by village 12 Kakara, liten by small village 17 Ponkama, stor Rysk by big Russian village 40 Kesäjoki större Rysk by larger Russian village 28 Kem 22 Ifrån From Kem till to Solovetskoj 60 Ifrån From Solovets[koj]. till to Anser och Golgof 25 Retour Back 25 Ifrån From Solovetsk[oj]. till to Durakov 80 Till To Archangelsk 252 Terska kusten Ter seaside 200 Ifrån From Archangel till to Kolmogor 72 Till To Pinega 135 Till To Mesen 142 Fram och åter till There and back Somsja 80 Till To Somsja 40 Till To Mgla 40 Till To Nes 20 Till To Wisas 60 Till To Oma 30 Till To Snopa 30 Till To Pjosja нижное жиле 40 Till To Pjosja kyrka 20 Till To Narhnoj S. 20 Till To Indiga 150 Till To Sula 80 Till To Wiska 45 Till To Pustosersk 40 Till To Telviska 20 Till To Nikitsa 17 Ifrån From Nikitsa till to Pustosersk 37 Ifrån From Pustosersk till to Wiska 45 Ifrån From Wiska till to Ustzilma 210 Ifrån From Ustzilma till to Ischma 100 Ifrån From Ischma till to Kolva 400 (vägen går öfver Krasnobor, Ust- Ischemsk, Kytschkara och andra smärre byar.) (The road goes through Krasnobor, Ust-Ischemsk, Kytschkara, and other smaller villages.)
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Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 003
Några As noted by Chomič (1981: 18–20), the Nenets shamans did not pay so much attention to their costume as other Siberian shamans. Some shamans may have had special details in their costumes, but mostly they are reported to have consisted of a chamois coat and a headdress that covers the eyes. kudesniki Ru kudesnik ʻwitch, sorcerer’. nyttja vid akten en mahlitsa af sämsk (harlös), en rund koppar plåt öfver bröstet. Malitsan (Sāmburtsja) Obviously, going back to the TN самба(сь) ʻto be a shaman’ the word denotes a shaman’s attire. är kort, till kösterna långd med ärmarna och öfverallt i sömmar sys smala klädesremsar. I Fållen af kläde. Mössan af kläde, hänges blott framför ögonen, som skola vara betäckta. En röd remsa går kring hufvudet, en an- nan röd remsa öfver hjessan, så att skygglappen ej faller bort. Den är svart och hänger ned ända till bröstet. Stöf- lorna äfven af sämsk. Some kudesniki use at the service a malitsa of chamois leather (hairless), with a round copper plate over the chest. The malitsa (Sāmburtsja) is short, waist-long, with sleeves and narrow strips of clothing are sewn on all the seams. The hem is made of cloth. The hat is made of cloth and hangs in front of the eyes, which should be covered. A red strip goes around the head, another red strip over the top of the head, so that the blinker does not fall off. The blinker is black and hangs down all the way to the chest. The shoes are also of chamois leather.
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 001
Om Rituals of sacrifice, TN хан, have been of special interest for many who have described Nenets culture. The reindeer is a typical sacrificial animal, although fish or pray animals can also be sacrificed. Additionally, there can be rituals in which no animal is sacrificed (TN хаңор”). For descriptions of rituals around the same time, see Schrenk 1848: 405-408: Veniamin 1855: 120) man offrar åt Bolvanen, See [bolvan]. ställes renhufvudet i ett på en stång midt för bolvanen, och så att stången står högre än bolvanen. Obs. I hufvudet stick göres ett hål, så att det ej nedfaller If they sacrifice to a bolvan, they set a reindeer head on a pole right before the bolvan so that the pole stands higher than the bolvan. NB: They make a hole in the head so that it does not fall down. Men om man offrar åt Num, See [Num]. gör man en urgröpt, trågartad, maschin, borras i midten ett hål, ställer tråget i ändan af en stång. Äfven åt Num gifvas hufvud och ben. Man trodde, att Num bor на верху och derföre ställdes offret на верху. Wid offret förek[allas]. mga[många] böner See [när]. l[eller]. ord. Offren måste göras i morgonrodnaden, kan ock göras på da- gen, men alldrig om aftonen. Qvinnor See [Qvinnor]. få ej göra offret. Bolvanes ansiqte måste vara riktad åt morgonrodnaden. But if they sacrifice to Num, they carve a trough-like device with a hole drilled in the middle. A pole is put through the hole. The head and legs are also given to Num. They believe that Num lives above and therefore the offering is placed above. Many prayers or words are uttered during the offering. The sacrifices must be made in the dawn; they can also be made in the daytime, but never in the evening. Women are not allowed to make offerings. The face of the bolvans must be directed towards the dawn.
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 002
äfven efter döden See [den döde]. offra slagta Samojederne renar vid den aflidnes graf. En rik Samojed sade sig första året hafva offrat 6, det andra 4 renar. The Samoyed also slaughter reindeer after death by the grave of the deceased. A rich Samoyed is said to have sacrificed six, another four reindeer after the first year [after the death of a relative]. Hènts, TN хынц, хынабц ʻNenets songʼ denotes, on the one hand, a Nenets song in general and on the other, a genre of Nenets songs. As a genre, the meaning of the word varies geographically, so that the Western Nenets use it to refer to individual songs, whereas in the Eastern areas хынабц denotes a register of epic singing. (Puškareva 2000; 2001; Niemi & Lapsui 2004; Lukin 2017) See ‘Lyric poems’ and ‘Syo’ in Manuscripta Castreniana Jurak-Samoiedica Folkloristica. песнь Sjúdubáptsah, TN сюдбабц is a genre term denoting one register of epic singing. (Kuprijanova 1965: 28–55; Tereščenko 1990; Niemi 1998: 55–60; Lukin 2017) See ‘Epic poems’ in Manuscripta Castreniana Jurak-Samoiedica Folkloristica. старина Waádakóh, TN вадако ʻtale, fairy-tale’. See Puškareva 2001: 23; Lukin 2017 for discussion of the genre. See’Tales’ in Manuscripta Castreniana Jurak-Samoiedica Folkloristica сказка Hènts 'song' Sjúdubáptsah 'myth' Waádakóh 'fairy-tale'
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 021
Kanin This table summarises the regions of the Russian Arctic, their names in Russian and partly in Nenets, and the Nenets terms for those living in each region. There are some mistakes in the table, though, and this comment both normalises Castrén’s spelling and corrects some misconceptions. Kanin Nos, on the Kanin Peninsula, is Саля in Tundra Nenets. Its inhabitants are саляʹ терʹʹ, literally ʻthe inhabitants of the cape’. The Timan tundra is called Лапта (not Нюдя я) in Nenets; the inhabitants might be called лаптаʹ терʹʹ ʻthe inhabitants of the plain’. The Malozemelʹskaja tundra is called Нюдая я, literally ‘Small Land’; the inhabitants can be called Нюдя яʹ терʹʹ ʻthe inhabitants of the Small Land’. The Bolʹšezemelʹskaja tundra is called (Нг)арка я, literally ‘Great Land’; the inhabitants can be called Нгарка яʹ терʹ' ʻthe inhabitants of the Great Land’. The Nenets have been called the reindeer-herding Komi and the area where they live – whose centre Ižma is – нгысмаʹʹ. нгысмана is most probably a locative form of the word and нгысмаʹ тер' is constructed from the word, meaning ʻthe inhabitants of the Ngisma [area]’. Finally, Ustʹ-Cilʹma is, according to Castrén’s notes, Усольц in Nenets; the inhabitants are called Усольцʹ терʹʹ ʻthe inhabitants of the Usolc' [area’]. See also Dolgich 1970: 47–48 for discussion on similar concepts in research history. Nos Saleh носъ Salendje[ì]r’ah Timanskaja Juodeijäh середина земли Juodeiendier’ah Malosemelsk[aja]. Làptah Laaptandier’ah Bolshesemels[kaja]. Aarkkajeh Aarkkajendier’ah Ishemskaja Ismaanah Ismatier’ah Устцылемски Usoltseeh Uusoltsidier’ah Om en ren förlorats, спросять по кудесномъ. (jillstaa, jilltsi) TN ильця ʻtwo objects applied to each other, used by a shaman to predict fate or when talking with the spirit of the deceased (for example, a half-full glass of water covered with a knife; two axes or knives superimposed on each other with metal parts)’. According to Lehtisalo ‘Verlosung’ TN ильцята(сь) ‘predict fate or talk with the spirit of the deceased with the help of two objects superimposed on each other’. According to Lehtisalo ‘losen (mit ainem Beil, Messer, Schäufelchen, Wasser, Branntwein, einem blanken Knopf u.a.)’. (See note [jillsi] Lehtisalo 1956: 127; Tereščenko 2003: 143) på följ[ande]. sätt: Man gör en rund (cirkel) på snön af renhorn, ställa i midten en slipsten (grof, брусъ), på stenen egget af yxen i kors, på yxen en brynsten. Kudesniken går kring rin- gen, och när han kommer till den punkt, åt hken[hvilken] sida renen förlorats, faller anstalten åtskills. Sedan går han åt denna trakt, och renen kommer af sig sjelft honom till möte. If a reindeer is lost, a sorcerer is called to (jillstaa, jilltsi) in the following way: they make a circle on the snow out of reindeer antlers, set a grindstone in the middle, the head of an axe on the stone crossing it, and a whetstone on the axe. The sorcerer goes around the circle, and when he comes to the point on the side where the reindeer was lost, the device falls apart. Then he goes in that direction and the reindeer comes to meet him by itself. På samma sätt sökas menniskor, men kring ringen sättas hufvudshår af mskor[menniskor]. Men are sought in the same way, but human hairs are put around the ring.
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 020
Hedn[iska] Samojediska namn. By ‘pagan names’ Castrén is referring to the personal names given to a person by their relatives. They have often been called sacred and secret, and are usually known only by the closest members of the family. In addition to this name, the Nenets have personal names that often describe their character, appearance, or some event related to their birth, for example. Russian names have also been in use for a reasonably long time. (Salminen 2007; Japtik 2014; Ljarskaja 2002) Paaleah, Hadakóh, Ad´keelíh, Njootkóh, Paekóh, Partúh, Jiensah, Hèinah, Paetseh, Haa- sauājih, Pæ[eä]tou, Äeōdartjih, Hoo- koléh, Huutsjúh, Ákaekóh, Jaa- juláh, Sullmah, Laasúk, Tjii- leäh, Paatáh, Niäänets-eh, Atjej, Yänjóh, Tjuulíh, Haambaalih, Ustiénah, Hanoh, Pujeljóh, Mŭt, Atjeuah, Poonaej, Poonah, Tako- leäh, (Piilkóh Ryskt), Seärnjäh, Haatau-ah, Aariu (familj) Pagan names of the Samoyeds Paaleah, Hadakóh, Ad´keelíh, Njootkóh, Paekóh, Partúh, Jiensah, Hèinah, Paetseh, Haa- sauājih, Pæ[eä]tou, Äeōdartjih, Hoo- koléh, Huutsjúh, Ákaekóh, Jaa- juláh, Sullmah, Laasúk, Tjii- leäh, Paatáh, Niäänets-eh, Atjej, Yänjóh, Tjuulíh, Haambaalih, Ustiénah, Hanoh, Pujeljóh, Mŭt, Atjeuah, Poonaej, Poonah, Tako- leäh, (Piilkóh Russian), Seärnjäh, Haatau-ah, Aariu (surname) Obs. Enhvar hade flere namn. NB: Everyone has several names.
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 019
Bäele, TN пеля ’half’ puoli pieli, l[eller]. bäele, begagnas liksom i Lappskan och Finskan Bäele 'puoli' 'pieli', or bäele, is used as in Lappish and Finnish. De döda See [den döde]. brefvos fordom öfvan jord i kistor. Den aflidnes hufvud skulle vara riktad åt vester öster, så att han kunde se den nedgående solen. Den aflidne begrofs i sina bästa kläder; de som han burit på sig vid sin död upp- brännas, de öfriga taga slägtingarna och dela sig emellan. Sedan den döda blifvit förd till sitt lägerställe, slaktas tvenne goda renar, som förtäras i tsjumen. Formerly, the deceased were buried on the ground in coffins. The head of the deceased should face west (east), so that he can see the setting sun. The deceased is buried in his best clothes; those he was wearing when he died are burned; the rest are taken by the relatives and divided among them. After the deceased has been taken to his camp, two good reindeer are slaughtered and consumed in the tent. Kistan lägges på en anstalt af följ[ande ]. besk[rifning]. Punkterna föres[täller]. stolpar. Tvärs Ofvan kistan läggas 2ne träd, stora, tjocka, så att den ej må av- lastas af vilddjur. - Kistan står 1 arschin och äfven mindre ofvan jord. Kudesniker begrafvas nedan jord. The coffin is made in the following manner according to the picture. The points are poles. Two large, thick trees are laid straight on the coffin so that it may not be opened by wild animals. The coffin is one arschin and over. Kudesniks are buried under the ground. Samojederna hafva flera hustrur - den förstgifta kls[kallas] píliih, TN пюды ‘the oldest of the wives’. See note [Samojeden kan taga]. de öfriga dáateh. TN таты ‘wife (not the oldest)’. See note [Samojeden kan taga]. Hustrurna lefva i samma tsjum. The Samoyeds have several wives – the first to be married is called píliih, the other dáateh. The wives live in the same tent.
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 018
Talman Matchmaker Serempeälen eh dáeuedamda чтобы на поль зиму было бы Let there be for half winter Jurtjaada njeieh чтобы масло было? Let there be butter Fadren Father: Niseädamaa Father says: Seängu ooka eengudaah много ли будетъ масло? How much will there be? Talman Matchmaker: Jiriimbir aeieh что на мeсацъ хватило (поль пуда) For one month Paniidin danjeieh чтобы платье было Let there be clothes Fadren Father Seänjook aenjuudaah много тр. How much will it be? Talman: Matchmaker: Njae|bon daeuudandah на другой годъ чтобы стало to another year to be Fadren samtycker och i detta fall See also [Obs]. förer talman bruden och gåvorna, sedan talmannen bl[ir]. välfägnad. Fadren, moder och den hela fami- ljen åtfölja bruden, och gästa hos svärsonen ett dygn. (Dottern rådfrågas öfver af fadren, om hon vill taga den ifrågaw[arande]. personen). Ingen kärlekshandel äger vanligt- vis rum emellan brudgumen och bruden. If the father agrees the matchmaker brings the bride and the gifts, after which he gets well fed. The father, mother, and the whole family accompany the bride and visit the son-in-law for one day. (The father asks his daughter whether she wants to marry the person in question.) No love affair usually takes place between the groom and the bride.
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 017
Brudgrumen sänder en talman The following two pages represent a matchmaking dialogue that allegedly precedes the actual wedding. On weddings, see notes [Giftermål] [Se min tryckta] [sig till hustru] [Obs.]. till den förlofva- älskarinnans des hem. Drf kommen säger han: The groom sends a matchmaker to his beloved’s home. After arriving he says: Jaanol haasauah женихъ мужикъ Groom Siu äedaraasi меня послалъ sent me Jileven_siermnje (Jilebensirminje) совататся in order to make a match Sappadauы njuuk засталъ ли нетъ ли? Do you comply or not? Fadren: Father: Sappadaana_kaer засталъ I comply. Talman: Matchmaker: Sappadaabnan Коли /Ежели засталъ If you comply Djuuna tsjaangaenguu? Когда свадба будетъ when will the wedding take place Fadren: Father: Mirtti seängook Много ли за невесту дать? цена много ли дать How much should one pay? Fader Father: Sedojuuh te äjeh äieh двадцать оленеи (прошу) пусть Let it be 20 reindeer. Talman Matchmaker: Meätopäelje tanjeieh поль чума чтобы быть Let it be half a tent Amsida|danjeieh Чтобы мясо было Let there be meat Seangooka eengau Много ли требуешь Is the price high? Tuusambäele äieh Поль туши Half a carcass Njaanjudat danjeie-eh Чтобы хлебъ былъ Let there be bread Fadren: Father Njaanjuda ooka engu-umah Много ли хлеба требуешь Would that be a lot of bread
Strödda ethnographiska anteckningar. 016
Яковъ Петровичь Коткинъ, ме= щанинъ въ Мезени känner Samoj[eder]. och Sam[ojediska]. sånger. Jakovʹʹ Petrovičʹ Kotkinʹʹ, a citizen of Mezen', knows Samoyed [the language] and Samoyed songs. Makar Mosejevitsh Михейевъ i Visas flod; skär sig med <knif> кудесникъ med ett hus - 60 verst fr[ån]. Nes. Godt folk. Makar Mosejevitsh Michejevʹʹ by the River Visas; cuts himself with [a knife], kudesnikʹʹ, with one house – 60 versts from Nes. Good people. <Osnal>, bakom Wisas, Rasboiniker. <Osnal>, behind Wisas, Rasboiniker. архир, bakom Visas, Rysk кудесникъ Archir, behind Visas, Russian kudesnikʹʹ Ефремъ Хатицъ (Равяовичь.) Лудицъ (нъ), kring Nes - en beryktad кудесникъ. Efremʹʹ Chaticʹʹ (Ravjavičʹ.) Ludinʹʹ (nʹʹ), around Nes – an infamous kudesnikʹʹ. Какъ у васъ кудесь? Василеи Николаевичь Хanseroff, kring Nes, sämre Hans hustru Stepans syster. Vasilei Nikolevičʹ Хanseroff, around Nes, worse. His wife [is] Stepan’s sister. alexej Vasiljevits Okladnikow, Mesensk borgare har ofta besökt Karatseja. Alexei Vasiljevits Okladnikow, a citizen of Mesen, has often visited Karatseja.