HomePublicationsManuscripta Castreniana Ostiak-SamoiedicaCase paradigms Ket

Case paradigms Ket

Contents

Editor’s introduction

Text in black is Castrén’s (original or translated into English, sometimes both, separated by a slash), text in grey is the editor’s.

239

1. Dual is lacking in the Ket dialect.

2. Plural [collective] ends on -la.

3. Instructive [comitative] on -se is added to either nominative or genitive, therefore in the latter case instructive ends also in -nse or -sse [these are possessive forms]. Sometimes instructive ends on -n [instructive].

4. Ablative often replaces prosecutive.

5. Some words have a vocative on -a, e.g. attja [daddy], awa [mommy] (“from au” [mother, different word]), ĭa son, but: kum man, vocative kum!, kong chief, vocative kong.

242 The connecting vowel is faltering.

1. Liquids on l, n, r often omit the connecting vowel, those on r almost always. The others, if the previous stem vowel is short (paajĕl bride money: paajĕln)

2. Similarly those on s with previous short [sic] vowel. e.g. tjos tallow: -sn, -skan, tjapkŏs iron trap: -kosn, dative -snd [sic], -skan.

3. njai bread bröd: dative njaldje or njajond (MO -ldš); avoj chin: dative avoldje; syi navel: dative syldje. In the other cases the declension is regular.

4. kêl pit: dative kelds (MO keldš).

5. can sinew: dative cand; cesen boot strap: cesend; kesen snare etc.

Fixed vowel stems

Collective
N lok͔k͔a fox 231 N lok͔k͔ala
G lok͔k͔an (ol, -l li, -n toppa (“or loǥan”) G lok͔k͔alan
A lok͔k͔am A lok͔k͔alam
Loc. lok͔k͔ágan
P lok͔k͔aun (or locative lok͔k͔agan) P lok͔k͔alaun
C lok͔k͔ase (1S -nse) C lok͔k͔aláse or -sse
Loc. lok͔k͔alagan
All. lok͔k͔ani All. lok͔k͔alani
El. lok͔k͔annan El. lok͔k͔alanan
N kătja шурин 231
G -djan or -tjan
Loc. -tjagan
All. -tjani
El. aadenan reindeer 231

Collective
N kottsa sack 231 N kottsala
G kottsan, kotsan G kottsalan
D kottsand
A kottsam (or nominative kottsa) A kottsalam
D kottsalanda
Abl. kottságan Abl. kottsalagan
P kottsaun P kottsalaun
C kottsase C kottsalase (-sse)
(El. not -annan)
N nerssa ruffe 237
G -rssan
Abl. -rssagan

Collective
N kulé raven 232 N kulela
G kulen G kulelan
A kulem (or nominative kule) A (nominative kulela)
All. kuleni
P kuleut
C kulese C kulelasse
El. kulennan
All. kulelani
El. kulelannan

Collective
N tyyltse gun 232 N tyyltsela
G -tsen G -lan
A tyyltsem A -lam
D tyyltsend D -landa
Abl. tyyltseagan Abl. -lágan
C tyltsese
Instr. tyyltsen

Collective
N lok͔e wasp 232 N lok͔ela
G -k͔en
Abl. lok͔eagan
C -lase
N tĭsse arrow 237
G -ssen
D -ssend
Abl. -seagan

Collective
N k͔aunpi холст 233 N k͔aunpila
G k͔aupin
A k͔aunpim
Abl. k͔aunpiagan
All. k͔aupin
C k͔aunpise
Instr. (k͔aunpina?)

Collective
N tūldjo chest 233 N tuldjola
G tuuldjon
A tuuldjom
D tuuldjond
Abl. tuuldjogan
C tuldjose

Collective
N ewegu stepmother 234 N ewegula
G ewegun
All. eweguni
El. ewegunnan
C ewegusse (1S -pse)

Collective
N na it 73 N nala
G năn
A nam
C nasse
All. nani

Collective
N to that 74 N tŏla
G ton
C tosse
All. toni

Collective
N po tree 233 N poola
G pon
A pom
D poond
Abl. pogan
C posse

Collective
N ko ear 233 N koola
G kon
D koond
Abl. koogan
C koosse (1S -nse)
N ko (g-) island 233
D kond (g-)

Collective
N to lake 233 N toola
G ton
D tonda
Abl. toogan
P tooun
C tosse

Collective
N uu willow grouse 234 N uula
G uun
A uum
All. uuni
El. uunnan
C uusse

Collective
N pêê bark 232 N pêêla
G pêên
D pêênd
Abl. pêagan

Collective
N kî river 233 N kîla
G kîn
D kînde
Abl. keagan
P kîun

Collective
N lî bone 233 N lîîla
G lîn
A lîm
Abl. lêagan

Collective
N tje, tji kettle 233 N tjela
G tjin
D tjinda
Abl. tjagan

Collective
N see tongue 232 N seela
G seen
Abl. séagan

Collective
N ii son 233 N iila
G iin
C iisse
N pi night 233
G pin
D pind
Abl. pi [sic]

Collective
N pyy stone 234 N pyyla
G pyyn
A pyym
D pyynd
Abl. pyyogan
P pýun
C pysse
N kýy belt 234
Abl. kyyogan
N njyy burbot 234
Abl. njyogan
El. njynnan
N tyy fire 234
D tȳnd
Abl. tyyogan

Collective
N köe birch 232 N köela
Abl. köeágan [sic, accent on a, not e]

[original u-stems. The labial vowel is preserved, but it is mostly declined as schwa]

Collective
N lappu oar (NB. –o) 236 N lappulá
G lábon
A labom
D lappond
Abl. lappógan
P lappoun
C (lappose?)
Instr. labon

Collective
N anddu boat 236 N anddula
G andon

Collective
N kättu gut 236 N kättola
G kädon

N pellu thigh 237
G peln
D pelnd
Abl. pelógan

N sakkú fire steel 237
G -kkun
D -kkund
Abl. -kkogan
N tjaptu dew 237
G -ptun
D -tund
Abl. -tógan

[partly preserved i-stem:]

Collective
N k͔ai what 76 N k͔aila
G k͔ain
Loc.-Abl. k͔aigan 76, kaigan 83, 156
P k͔ajoun 76
C k͔aise

Schwa stems

Hard stems [back vowelic]

Collective
N aamdda horn 236 N aandêla [sic] (MO aamdala)
G aamdan

Collective
N ka͑tta nail 236 N kattela
G kadên
N mak͔k͔e stick 236
G magên

Collective
N marg bush 236 N margela
G margên
D marg. [sic]
N mattje forest 237
G madjen
D mattjond

Collective
N sai eye 233 N saila (or sajola [added: not])
G sain
A sajom
D sajond (or 3S sajogond)
Abl. sajógan
P sajoun
C sajese
Instr. sain

Collective
N kuele fish 235 N kuella
G kueln
D kuelond

Collective
N kuerg bear 235 N kuergala, [MO?] -rgala
G -rgen, [MO?] -rgan
All. kuergani
El. kuergannan

Collective
N kues iron 237 N kuesela
G kusen [sic] or -sn
D kuessond
Abl. kuessogan
P kuessoun
C kuesese

Collective
N koattsa town 237 N koattsala
G koacen
D koatcond
N wattje meat 237
G -djen

Collective
N toppa foot 235, G73 N toppala 235, toppêlá G73
G tóoban, tooba͑n 235, tóbên G73
A (1S tóppom changed to:) tobem 235, tóbêm G73
D toppónd 235, G73
Abl. toppógan
P toppoun 235, toppóun G73
C toppesé (1S toppónse) 235, toppêsé G73
Instr. tooben 235
N koppa skin 235
G kooben, kooban
A kóobêm
D koppónd
Abl. -ppógan
N noppa glove 235
G nooban
D noppónd

Collective
N ol head 235 N olla
G oln
D olónd
C (1S olonse)
N songǥa шуга 236, (sonk͔ =) sonǥ [without translation] 244
G -ngǥon 236
D songond 244
Abl. songógan 244

Collective
N porg coat 235 N porgela, [MO?] -gala
G -rgon
D -rgond
Abl. porgógan

Collective
N looз болван 235 N loosela
G loosen

Collective
N kottje servant 237, GSL170 N kottjela 237, GSL170
G kodjen
A kodjem GSL170
P kottjeun* GSL170
C kottjese 237, * GSL170

* (GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double)

All. kodjeni (or 1S kottjeni) 237, kodjeni GSL170
El. kodjennan 237, kodjenam [sic] GSL170
N kottje wrist 237
G kodjen [sic]
D -ttjond
Abl. -ogan
N mottje heel 237
G modjen [sic]
D mottjond
N mok͔k͔a͑ back 237
G mōgon
D -k͔k͔ógan

(NB. 1. -o-, 2. k͔ to g)

Collective
N pood icehole 237 N poodala
G pooden
D poottond
Abl. poottógan

Dual

Collective
N ú̆tta hand 235, utt‹e› GSL170 N udoǥ [sic!, false] GSL170 N uttala or (uttela) 235, udala [sic] GSL170
G udan (uden) (1S utton) 235, uden GSL170 G uttalan 235
A udam 235, udem GSL170 A uttalam
D uttṓnd 235, uttond GSL170 D uttalánd
Abl. uttógan 235, uttōgan GSL170 Abl. uttalágan
P uttoun 235, GSL170 P uttaláun
C uttese (1S uttónse) 235, uttese * GSL170 C uttalase (1S -nse)

* (GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double)

Instr. udan 235, (udan) GSL170

Dual

Collective
N kutteaǥe N kuttela
K kuttaê who 75
G kuden
A kudem
P kuttóun
C kuttese
All. kudeni

Collective
N umdda beard 235 N umdela
G úmden
A umdêm
D umdond

Collective
N muun finger 235 N mūn(a)la, muuna͑la
G munên (-an, -on), muunan
D munond
Abl. munógan

Collective
N njulga͑ fir 235 N njulgela, [MO?] -gêla
G njulgen, [MO?] -gen
D njulgond
N kunddje зипун 237
G kundjen
D kunddjond
Abl. -ogan
N puttje nose 237
G pudjen
D puttjond
N nukka͑ nape 237
G nugon
D nukkond

Collective
N sengga͑ capercaillie 243 N senggêla
G -ngen

Collective
N ênddä bow 236 N enddela
G endên

Collective
N lembba eagle 236 N lembbala
G lemben

Collective
N îîl bottom 235 N ‹ɨ›lela
G îîln
D îlond
Abl. ĭlógan

Collective
N kîîl breast 235 N kîîlla
G kîîln
D kîlond
Abl. kîlógan
N tjingga͑ swan 236
G tjingen
All. -ngeni

Collective
N eed village 237, êêta 238 N eedêla 237, ‹ē›dala 238
G eeden 237, êêdên 238
D eettond 237, êttond 238
Abl. ettógan 237, êttogan 238
C eede͑se

Weak stems [front vowelic]

N pittje axe 237
G pidjen
Abl. pittjeagan

Collective
N tippa man 237, 238 N tippala 238
G tiban 237, tiban 238
All. tibani 237, tibeni 238
El. tibannan 237, tibennan 238

Collective
N tiib peg 238 N tiibala
G tiiban
D tiippend
Abl. -ppeagan

Collective
N tiua tooth 234 N tiula
G tiun
D tiwend
Abl. tiweagan

Collective
N (síwa) or siu ashes 234 N siula
G siun
A siium
D siiwend
Abl. siweagan

(234 NB. those on -iu, -eu, -yu etc. take in nominative after themselves a half a, that drops off in declension.)

Collective
N kynddä horse 238, kyndde GSL170 N kynddela 238, GSL170
G kyndon 238, kynden (kynd‹ö›n) GSL170
A kyndem 238, kyndem (kyndom) GSL170
P kynddeun * GSL170
All. kyndeni 238, 231, GSL170
El. kyndenan 238, kyndenan 231, GSL170
C kyndese 238, kynddese * GSL170

*(GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double.)

N yyna strap 236
G yynen
Abl. yyneagan (or (ýna)-ogan)

Dual

Collective
N ykka hat 236, ykke GSL170 N ykkeaǥ [sic!, false] GSL170 N ykkela GSL170
G yygen or -on 236, ygen (ygön) GSL170
A ygem (ygöm) GSL170
D ykkend 236
Abl. ykkeagan 236, GSL170
P ykkeun * GSL170
C ykkese * GSL170

*(GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double.)

All. ykkeni [sic] GSL170

(236 a (o) after hard, ä (e) after weak vowels.)

Collective
N týu(a) larch 234 N tyyula
G tyyun
A tyyum
D tyywend
Abl. tyyweagan
P tyyweun
C tyuse
N kýu marrow 234
D kyywend etc.
N pöu boil 234
D pöövend
Abl. pööweagan

Consonant stems

[p-stems]

Dual

Collective
N *tep he (in the paradigm on page 71 instead tau ‘this’) N tepk͔ĕ 71 N teppala 71, GSL269
G (taun ‘of this’) G tepk͔an G teppalan
A tebam 71 A (nominative tepk͔e) A (nominative teppala)
P teppalaun
C tepse C tepk͔ase C teppalase
All. tebani All. tepk͔ani All. teppalani
In. tebannan In. tepk͔annan In. teppalannan

[m-stems]

245 These change m to u in genitive, dative [= allative] etc.: orm, genitive orn etc.

N kam fabric 245
G kaun
N nom God 245
G nuun
All. nuuni
In.-El. nuunnan

Collective
N kŭm (above m is written b) person 245 N kuula
G kuun
A (nominative kum)
P kummen, kuu’un
C kupse
All. kuuni
In.-El. kuunnan

Collective
N kăm (-a͑-, -e-) blood 245 N kiula
G keun
D kamd
A (nominative ka͑m)
Abl. ka͑mgan
P kaεmmen, kau’un?
C kapse

Collective
N lem board 245 N leula
G leun
D leemd
Abl. lemǥan
P leemmen
C lepse

Collective
N nim name 245 N niula
G niun
D nimd
Abl. nimgan
N orm strength 245
G orn

N sŭurm animal 245
G suurn

Collective
N term roe 245 N terula
G tern
D termd
Abl. termgen
P termen (termmen)
C terpse

[t-stems]

Collective
N maat house 246 N maadela (maadla)
G maaden
D maatta͑
Abl. maatk͔an
P maanmen
C maasse

N y̆t (yyt) water 246
D ytta͑
Abl. ytkan
P ynmen
C ysse

Collective
N tööt otter 246 N töödala
G tööden
D töötta͑
Abl. töötk͔an
P töönmen
C töösse

[n-stems]

N čên sinew 236, can 242, G85
G čanên (čiinn (-ne͑n)) 236
D čand 236, cand 242, cand or candэ G85
Abl. [false] čanógan 236

Collective
N kê̆sén snare 238 N kessenla 238, kessenlà G85
G kessen(n) 238, kessèn G85
D kesend 238, kesend(э) G85
A (nominative kesen 238)
Abl. kesengan
C (kesse)

Collective
N čḗsen boot strap 238, 242, cesen G85 N cessenla
N čessénn 238
D cesend 238, 242, cesend(‹â›) G85
A (nominative česen 238)
Abl. cesengan

[k͔-, k-stems]

Collective
N sok͔ cape 244, G81 N sok͔k͔ala or súugola 244
G sōǥon 244, sogoэn G81
D sok͔t 244, G81
A sooǥom 244
Abl. sok͔k͔on 244, sok͔k͔oan G81
P soǥmen ([false] sok͔k͔óun) 244, sok͔men G81
C sok͔se 244, G81

Collective
N sak͔ salt 244, G81 N [false] saǥala 244
G saǥan 244, sagaэn G81
D sākt 244, sak͔t G81
A (nominative sak͔ or) saagam 244
Abl. sāk͔k͔an 244, sakkan G81
P saak͔men ([false] saak͔k͔óun) 244, sak͔men G81
C sak͔se 244, G81

N pussak͔ bowl 244
G pussaǥan

N aabek͔ lid 244
G aabegen

[ŋ-stems]

243 1. These all omit ng in genitive, instructive [sic, meaning prosecutive?] on -un, in plural [collective] and in the accusative on -m.

2. Animates omit ng also in dative [allative] and often in ablative [elative].

(3. Words with double -gg- [schwa stems], e.g. sengga͑ capercaillie (genitive -ngen, collective senggêla), songǥa͑ шуга, peangǥa elk, are declined regularily)

Collective
N aang mouth 243 N aanga͑la (aangala) = aala
G aan
D (local 3S āngand replaced with:) aangd
Abl. aanggan
C akse (or 1S aangnase)
P (ooan deleted)

Collective
N oong collar 243 N oola
G oon
D (local 3S oongond replaced with:) oongd
Abl. oongon
C ookʃe
P ooun or oongmen

N kyng палник 243
G kýun
All. kýuni
In.-El. kýunnan

Collective
N kănăng dog 243, kanàng G79 N kanala 243, G79
G kanan 243, kanàn G79
A (nominative kanang or) kanam 243, G79
D kanángd G79
Abl. kanangǥan 243, G79
P kanangmen, kanaun 243, kanangmen G79
C kanakse 243, kanaksè G79
All. kanani 243, kananì G79
In.-El. kanannan 243, kanannàn G79

N solang spoon 243
G solan
D solangd
Abl. solanggan
C solakse
P solaun or solangmen
N noodeng sterlet 243
G -den

Collective
N teteng siberian pine 243 N tettela
G tetten
D tedengd
Abl. tetenggan

Collective
N pileng half 243 N pilela
G pilen
A (nominative pileng or) -lem
D pilengd
Abl. pilengǥan
C pilekse
P pileun or pilengmen

Collective
N tyynang sleeve 243 N tyynala
G tyynan
D tyynangd
Abl. tyynanggan
P tyynaum or tyynangmen

[j-stems]

Collective
N njai bread 233 N najila
G njain ug
A (nominative njai) (-jom)
D [false] njajond = njaaldje 233, njaaldje 229, njaldje 238, G84, GSL179, njaldje or njajond 242
Abl. [false] njajogan 233, njaigan 238, GSL179
C njajese 233

N syi navel 238
G syin
D syldje 238, 242, G84, GSL179
Abl. syigan 238, GSL179

N avoi chin 238, avoj 242, awoi G84, GSL180
G avoin 238, awoin G84, GSL180
D aoldje 238, G84, avoldje 242, awoldje GSL180
Abl. aoigan 238, G84, awoigan GSL180

N kuei soul 238, G84
D kueldje

[ś-stems]

Collective
N tjos tallow 242, tjooз 235, †tjōs GSL176 N tjooзela 235
G -sn 242, tjoosên 235, †tjōsen GSL176
Abl. -skan 242

N tjapkŏs iron trap 242
G -kosn
D -snd [sic]
Abl. -skan

[r-stems]

N tăr hair 238
G tarn
D tarta͑
Abl. targan
N paar top 238 [1. postposition pār, 2. noun pāri]
G paarn
D [pār:] paart or [pāri:] paarnd
Abl. [pār:] paargan

Collective
N čṓber berry 238, cóber G85 N čopperla 238, copperlà G85
G čoppérn 238, coppèrn G85
D čobert 238
A (nominative čober)
Abl. čobergan
P čoberun
C čoberse

Collective
N siir cow 238 N siirla
G siirn
A siirm
All. siirni
El. sirnnan

Collective
N tjäber зять 238 N tjäpperla
G tjäppern
D -bert
Abl. -bergan

N nagér writing 238
G nákkern

[l-stems]

Collective
N kêl pit 236 (deleted 235) N kîîlla 236 (kîîlla deleted 235)
G kîîln 236 (keln deleted 235)
A kîîlm 236
D kêldsa (= [false] kîîlond) 236, kelds 242, (keldse deleted 235)
Abl. [false] kêlagan (-ll-) 236
P [false] kêlóun
C kêlse

NB. 1. an accented ê becomes î, 2. the accent in dative drops: kelond > kelnd > keldš.