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Case paradigms Narym

Contents

• Fixed vowel stems
• Schwa stems
• Hard vowels
• Weak vowels
• Consonant stems

Editor’s introduction

Text in black is Castrén’s (original or translated into English, sometimes both, separated by a slash), text in grey is the editor’s.

Fixed vowel stems

88 Connecting vowel: nouns on vowel [= fixed vowel stems] keep the final vowel unchanged as connecting vowel. Exceptions are the following cases:

a) nouns on -e and -i change these vowels in ablative singular and dual to -ea, -ia [preaspiration before k͔].

b) many monosyllabic words on -i and -î change these vowels in inflexion to -e.

c) nouns on -y and -ö change their connecting vowel in ablative singular and dual to -öo, -yo [preaspiration before k͔].

d) those on diphthong -au, -eu, -ai, -ei etc. [= schwa stems on -wə, -jə] are inflected like nouns on consonant [= schwa stems], only a few monosyllabic keep the vowel unmodified.

e) all other words on vowel [= fixed vowel stems] only lengthen the vowel in ablative singular and dual [preaspiration before k͔].

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	logá fox 89	N	logáǥ (-x) 89, logaǥ 164	N	logat 89, logat (t is changeable: logan or logat) 164
G	logan 89, logan (n is changeable) 164	G	logágan 89, 164	G	logádaεn 89, logadäl‿lî [bone of the foxes] 163, logádan (-t) (n is changeable) 164
A	logap 89, logam, logap 160, 164	A	logágap 89, 164	A	logádap 89, logadap 163, logádap 164
Loc.-Abl.	logágan 89, logágan (-t) 164
P	logaút 89, 164	P	logágut 89, logagut 164	P	loganút 89, 164
C	logahé 89, 164	C	logáǥe, -ghé 89, logaǥé 164	C	logadé or -ehe 89, 164
All.	logan 89, logán (n is unchangeable) 164	All.	logágan 89, logagan 164	All.	logádan 89, logádan, n is unchangeable 164
In.-el.	lógannán 89, logannan 160, logánnan (n is unchangeable) 164	In.-el.	logágannán 89, logágannan 164	In.-el.	logádannán 89, logádannan (n is unchangeable) 164

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kodša sack 89, kodšá 165	N	kodšáǥ (-x) 89, kodšáǥ 165	N	kodšat 89, 165
G	kodšan 89, 165	G	kodšágan 89, 165	G	kodšádan 89, kodšadan 165
A	(nominative kodša or) kodšap 89, 165	A	kodšágap 89, 165	A	kodšadap 89, kodšádaep 165
D	kodšand 89, kodšánd 165	D	kodšagand 89	D	??kodšádaenda 89
Loc-abl.	kodšáǥan 89, kodšágan (-t) 165	Loc-abl.	kodšágagan 89, kodšagagan (-t) 165	Loc-abl.	kodšadagan 89, kodšádagan (-t) 165
P	kodšaút 89	P	kodšaút 89	P	kodšanút 89
C	kodšahé 89, kodšahé 165	C	kodšáǥhe 89, kodšaǥé 165	C	kodšadé 89, 165
		All.	kodšagan 89, kodšágan 165	All.	kodsádan 89, kodšádan 165
		In.-El.		In.-El.	kodšadênnán 89, kodšádannan 165

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tulgo chest 93, 167	N	tulgog 93, 167	N	tulgot 93, 167
G	tulgo [sic] 93, tulgon 167	G	tulgogan 93	G	tulgódaen 93
A	tulgop 93			A	tulgódaep
D	tulgond 93, 167
Loc.-Abl.	tulgógon 93, tulgógan 167
C	tulgohe 93			C	tulgode
				All.	tulgódaen

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ewegu, äwegú stepmother 93, 167	N	ewegug 93, 167	N	ewegut 93, 167
G	ewegun 93, 167			G	eweguden 93
A	ewegup 93			A	-gudep
All.	ewegun 93, 167			All.	-guden
In.-el.	ewegunnan 93, 167			In.-El.	-gudennan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kadé spruce 167	N	kadéag	N	kadét
Abl.	kadeagan
In.	-ennan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	loge wasp 167, logé 91	N	logéag 167, [false] -geóg” 91	N	logét
Abl.	logeagan 167, [false] logeogan 91

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kulé raven 90, kuole 167	N	kuléag 90, kuleaǥ 167	N	kulét 90, kulet 167
G	kulen 90	G	kuléagan 90	G	kulédaεn 90
A	kulep	A	kuléagap
P	kuleút	P	?kuleagut	P	kulenut
C	kulehe	C	kuleaghé	C	kuledé
All.	kulen	All.	kuléagan	All.	kulédaεn
In.-el.	kulennan 90, 167	In.-el.	kuléagannan	In.-el.	kulédênnán

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tyldé gun 90, 167, tylde 159	N	tyldéag 90, 167	N	tyldét 90, 167
G	tyldén 90			G	tyldéden 90
A	tyldép			A	tyldédep
D	tyldénd 90, tyldend 159, 167
Loc.-Abl.	tyldéagan 90, 167			Loc-abl.	(tyldedegan)
				All.	tyldéden
				In.-el.	tyldédênnán
P	tyldeút 90			P	tyldedút
C	tyldéhé 90, tyldehé 161			C	tyldédé

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kaupi холст 167	N	kaupiag	N	kaupit
Loc.-Abl.	kaupiagan
C	kaupíhe

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kapi patch 167	N	kapiag	N	kapit
G	kabit
Loc.-Abl.	kabiagan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	porji storehouse 167	N	porjiag	N	porjit
D	porjind
Loc.-Abl.	porjiagan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čyni stable 91, 159, č̢yní 167	N	čyniág 91, čyniag 167	N	čynit 91, 167
G	čynin 91, č̢ynin 167	G	čyniagan 91	G	čyníden 91
A	čynip 91			A	čynídep
D	čynind 91, 167
Loc.-Abl.	čyniagan 91, č̢yniagan 167			Loc.-Abl.	čynidegan?
P	čyniút 91			P	čyninút
C	čynihe			C	čynide
				All.	čyníden
In.-el.	čyninnan			In.-el.	čynidennan

91 Similarly: porjí storehouse, tifí comb, kaupi cloth, kapi patch.

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tifi comb 167	N	tifiag	N	tifit
Loc.-Abl.	tifiagan
C	tifíhe

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	na, ná it 73	N	nág	N	nat (-n)
G	nán			G	nadan
A	nap
C	nahé	C	naǥe	C	nādé
All.	nán

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tó, to that 74	N	tog	N	tot
G	ton (-t)			G	tódan
A	top (-m)			A	tódaep
C	tohé			C	todé
All.	ton			All.	tódaen

([The dual and plural forms] however appear rarely, because the word is usually followed by a noun.)

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	po tree 93, po (pu) 159, pu 167	N	pog 93, póǥ 167	N	pot 93, 167
G	pon 93, pot 159, pon (-t) 167	G	pogan (-gân) 93	G	poden (-daεn) 93, poden 167
A	pop 93, 167			A	podep 93, podap 163
D	pond 93, 167
Loc.-Abl.	pogan 93, 160, pogoan 167
C	pohe 93			C	podé 93
				All.	poden
				In.-el.	pódennán 93, podennan 167

Similarly: po year, ko ear, and all monosyllabic words on -u, e.g.

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kuo (= ko) island 93, ku 167	N	kog 93, koǥ(a) 167	N	kot 93, 167
G	kon 93
D	kond 93, 167
Loc.-Abl.	kogan 93, 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ko ear 159, 167	N	kog 167	N	kot
D	kond 159, 167
Loc.	kogan 160, kógan 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	po year 167	N	poǥ	N	pot

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tu (= to) lake 93, 159, tu 167	N	tog 93, toǥ 167, tog(a) 162	N	tot 93, 167
G	ton 93, tot 167
				A	todap 163
D	tond 93, 167
Loc.-Abl.	togan 93, 167, 160

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	u willow grouse 94, 166	N	ug 94, uǥ 166	N	ut 162, 166
G	un 94, 166			G	udeên 94, uden 166
A	up 94, 166			A	udeêp 94, udap 166
P	[empty 94], †u’un GSL166
C	uhe 94, 166			C	udé 94, 166
All.	un 94			All.	udeên 94
In.-el.	unnan 94, 166			In.-el.	udeênnan 94, udannan 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pê bast 91	N	pêag	N	pêt
G	pên			G	pêden
A	pêp (-m)			A	pêdep
D	pênd(a)
Loc.-Abl.	pêagan			Loc.-Abl.	(pêdeagan etc.)
P	pêut
C	pêhe
				All.	pêden
				In.-el.	pêdennán

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	k͔ê river bank 91	N	k͔êag 91, kegaeh 162
Loc-abl.	k͔êágan
P	k͔êút
In.-el.	k͔ênnan			In.-el.	k͔êdennan 91

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kî river 92, 159	N	keag or keag(a) 92, keaǥ(a) 166	N	ket 92, 166, kêt 162
G	ken 92, ken (-t) 166			G	keden 92, kédeän 166
A	(kî or) kep 92, 166			A	kedep 92, 166, kêdap 163
D	kend 92, 166
Loc.-Abl.	keagan 92, kîgan 160, kîgat 161, kegan (-t) 166
P	keut 92, keút 166			P	kedeút 92, kedeut 166
C	kehé 92, kehe 166			C	kedé 92
				All.	keden 92, kédeän 166
				In.-el.	kedennan 92, 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	lî bone 92, li 166	N	leag(a) 92, leaǥ 166 (lêah as plural 162)	N	let 92, 166
G	len 166
A	lep 160
D	lend 92, 166
Loc.-Abl.	leagan 92, legan 166
		In.	leagannan 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čî or či kettle 92, čî 166	N	čeag(a) 92, čega 161, čeǥ(a) 166	N	čet 92, 166
G	čén‿îl [kettle’s bottom] 166
A	čem, čep 160
D	čend 92, 166, cend159
Loc.-Abl.	čeagan 92, čegan 160, 166
C	cehé 161

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ne daughter 167	N	néag	N	nét
El.	nennan

 

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	i son 92, 166	N	iaǥ 92, iǥ 166	N	it 92, 166
G	in	G	iagan 92	G	iden
A	ip			A	idep
P	[empty]
C	ihe
All.	in 92, 166, iin 159			All.	iden
In.-el.	innan 92, 166	In.	ieǥannan 166	In.-el.	idennan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pi aspen 92, 167	N	piag 92, 167	N	pit
D	pind
Loc-abl.	piaǥan 92, piagan 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pi night 92, 166	N	peag (= šede pi or ped) 92, peg 166	N	pet 92, 166
G	pen			G	peden etc.
A	pep (-m) 92
D	pend
Loc-abl.	peagan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pö stone 94, 168	N	pöog 94, GSL168, pöog (-x) 168	N	pöt 94, 168
G	pön			G	pöden 94
A	pöp
D	pönd
Loc.-Abl.	pöogan 94, pöogan (-on) 168, †pöogon GSL168
C	pöhe 94, 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čö belt 94, 168	N	čöog 94, čöoǥ 168	N	čöt 168
G	čön 168
D	čönd 168
Abl.	čöogan 94, čöogoan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	njy burbot 95, 168	N	njyog 95, njyóg 168	N	njyt 95, 168
G	njyn
A	njyp 95
Loc.-Abl.	njyogan 95, njuogan 168
All.	njyn 95
In.-el.	(-nnan)

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ty fire 95, 159, 166	N	tyog 95, tyoǥ(a) 166	N	tyt 95, 166
A	typ 95, tym, typ 160
D	tynd 95, 166
Loc.-Abl.	tyogan 95, tyogaon 166
C	tyhé 161
In.-el.	(-nnan) 95

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	šy snake 95, 166	N	šyog 95, 166	N	šyt 95, 166
G	šyn
A	šyp
Abl.	šyogean 166
In.-el.	šynnan

	Singular
N	tue birch bark 167
D	tuend
Abl.	tweagan

Schwa stems

88 Connecting vowel:

a) by nouns on consonant [= schwa stems] the connecting vowel is commonly a, a^ε, ä, e and o. The last vowel comes only in dative and ablative, sometimes in genitive and accusative singular, and in dual, by those nouns whose stem consists of hard vowels (also after ǥ and h). Such stems take in all other cases singular, and the whole plural a as connecting vowel. Weak stems take either a^ε, ä, or ê as connecting vowel.

89 b) nouns on -r usually take no connecting vowel, but harden the final consonant in dative singular [here are meant consonant stems].

c) sometimes the connecting vowel is neglected also by nouns on -l and -n [here are meant consonant stems].

d) nouns on -k, -p, -t follow a peculiar inflexion [here are meant consonant stems].

95 1. The connecting vowel is dependent on the following:

a) the accent?

b) hard or weak ‹vowels› in the stem

c) [deleted: on the nature of the following vowel (o, u etc.) of the in the end often deleted vowel]

d) on the vowel of the following word or syllable

e) on the nature of the preceding consonant (g, h, sibilant etc.)

2. In those cases and numbers where the connecting vowel is accented [question mark added above], ie. dative, ablative singular, and [nominative] dual, the connecting vowel is after hard stems o, after weak stems: a) in dative singular and ablative of animates [= allative, elative postpositions] e, b) in ablative before g by inanimates, and in dual ea.

3. Hard stems that contain o, u, can also (beside a, e (ê)) in genitive and accusative singular take o as connecting vowel, but if therafter follows a weak vowel, the connecting vowels a, ê, e alternates. After sibilants come e.

4. Stems that contain the vowels o and u (û) take often also in genitive and accusative singular o as connecting vowel.

5. Often the unaccented a in the end of words has been omitted, and is used to return in genitive and accusative, especially if an a precedes in the stem.

6. In genitive singular, both o and a yield for ê before a following word with weak vowels.

7. Plural takes in hard stems preferably a and in weak stems ä, however can in both cases also ê, e be the connecting vowel.

8. Instructive [comitative] singular always take e followed by e.

9. Animate nouns keep a in dative and ablative singular [= allative, elative].

Hard [back] vowels (a, o, u, î)

96 Vowel a: These take in genitive and accusative singular and plural -a- (-a^ε-, -e-). After g, h always -a-, after sibilants -e-.

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	lab(a) oar 96, lab 165, 168	N	labóg 96, 168, labog 165	N	labêt 96, lábat 168
G	labên 96, lában 165, laban 168	G	labógan 96	G	labadan 96, 168
A	labop 96, lábap 165, labap 168
D	labond 96, 168
Loc.-Abl.	labógan 96, labogan 168, loc. labógan (-t) 165
P	labut 96
C	labehé 96, 165, 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kăd nail 97, kad 168	N	kadóg 97, 168	N	kadaεt 97, kadat 168
G	kadên 97, kadan 168			G	kadaεdaεn 97, kadadan 168
A	kadap 97, 168
D	kadond
Loc.-Abl.	-ógan 97, kad‹ou?›gan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tau this 74	N	tauǥ	N	taut
G	taun
C	tauhe

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	and boat 97, 168	N	andog 97, andóg 168	N	andaεt 97, ándat 162, 163, 168
G	andên 97, andean 168
A	andap 168
D	annond 97, 168, anond, annond 159
Loc.-Abl.	andógan 97, 160, 168
C	andehé 161			C	andadé 165
				All.	andaden 162

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	marg bush 97, 168	N	margog 97, margog or margeag 168	N	márgat 97
G	-rgên 97
A	-rgap
D	-rgond
Loc.-Abl.	-rgógan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	mag switch 97, 168	N	magóg 97, magóg or -geag 168	N	mágat 97
G	-gên 97, -gan 168
A	-gap 97
D	-gond
Loc.-Abl.	-gógan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pagî knife 167, pagî, paî 93 [among fixed vowel stems. The second instances are obviously Nm]	N	paóg 167, (pagog), paóg 93	N	pagît 167, ?pagît, paît 93
G	-g‹î›n ner knife handle 167, pagen‿ner 159, pagen, paîn 93			G	pagiden 167, ?pagiden 93
D	paond 167, (pagond,) paond 93
A	pagem (-p) 167, pagep, ?paîp 93
C	pagehé 161
Loc.-Abl.	paógan 167, (pagond) paógan 93

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	madš forest 97, mač 159, mac̢ (-dš, -dž) 165	N	madšog 97, mačog 165	N	madšet 97, 165
G	-dšen (-č-) (mačen 165)
A	máčep 165
D	-dšond 97, mačond 159, 165
Loc.-Abl.	-ogan 97, mačogan (-got), locative madšógan (-t) 160
P	-oút? 97, mačóut 165
C	mačehé 165

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	káge͑l, kagl sledge 99 (kagel 159, kágel 166)	N	kaglog (kaglóg 166)	N	kaglet (kágelt 162, kág(ĕ)let 166)
G	kaglén (kage(e)len 166)			G	kagläde‹n› (kagleden (-t) 166)
A	kaglop (kaglem (-p) 160, kag(e)lep 166)			A	kagledep 166
D	kag(e͑)lond (kagelond 159, kag(e)lond 166)
Loc.-Abl.	kaglógan (locative kaglógan 160, kaglógan (-t) 166)			Loc.-Abl.	kagledagat 166
C	kagle 166			C	kagledé 166
				All.	kágleden 166
				In.-el.	kageldennan 166

	Singular
N	čapt dew 100, čapta 159
G	-tan 100
D	-tond 100, čaptond 159
C	čaptahé 161

	Singular		Dual
N	t‹ă›b stem 169	N	tabog
G	taben
D	tabond
Abl.	tabogan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	hai eye 92, 168 [among fixed vowel stems, Castrén believes the word is */haī/]	N	hajog 92, 168, hajóh 162, hajoǥ GSL167	N	haet 92, 168, hait GSL167
G	haen (hain) 92, haen 168, hain GSL167			G	haedan (-daεn, -den) 92
A	hajop or haep 92, haip, haim, hajom GSL167			A	haedap
D	hajond or haend, 92, hajond 168, 159
Loc.-Abl.	hajogan or haeógan 92, hajogan 168, hajōgon GSL167
P	hajut 92, hajout GSL167
C	haihe
				All.	haedan (-den)
				Ill-El.	haedennan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kuel fish 97, 99, 166	N	kuelog 166	N	kuelt 99, kuelet (-lt) 166
G	kuelen 169
D	kuelond 97, 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čueč earth 100, 170	N	čuečog 100, 170	N	čuečet 100, 170
G	čuečen 170
D	čuečond 100, 170
Loc.-Abl.	-čogan 100, čuečógan 170

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	wăt (watt) road 100, wăt 169	N	wattog 100, wattóg 169, watox 162	N	wattet 100, wáttet 169
G	watten 100, 169			G	watteden 100, 169
A	wattep 169
D	wattond 100, 159, wattónd 169
Loc.-Abl.	wattógan 100, 169, locative watógat 161

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kuéh(e) iron 91, kûeh(e) 167 [among fixed vowel stems, Castrén believes the word is */kuəhä/]	N	kueheóg 91, kuehog 167	N	kuehet 91, kû́ehet 167
G	kuehen 91, 167	G	kueheóogan [sic] 91	G	kueheden etc. 91
A	kuehep (-m) 91
D	kueh‹e›nd
Loc.-Abl.	kueheógan [sic] 91, 167
P	kueheút 91
C	kuehehe

Similarly logé wasp: abl. logeogan, dual -geóg” [false, fixed vowel] 91

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kuei soul 92, k͔uei 168	N	kuejog 92, 168	N	kueit 92, 168
G	kuein 92, -en 168
D	kuejond 92, 168
Abl.	kuejogan 168

92 Similarly [false, these are consonant stems]: njai bread: G njaen: D njajond: dual njajog: plural njaet (njait 162), čahai thatch: G -aen: D -jond: P čahajut): dual -jog: plural -aet

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tob foot 96, 168	N	tobóg 96, tobóǥ 168, tobo(a)ga 162	N	tobaεt 96, tóbat 168
G	tobên 96, toben (-on) 168			G	tobaεdaεn 96, tobadan 168
A	tobap 168
D	tobónd 96, tobond 168
Loc.-Abl.	tobógon 96, tobógan 168
C	tobehé or tobé 96, tobehe 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čóf cradle 163	N	čofóǥ	N	čófat
G	čofan
A	čofop
D	čofond
Loc.-Abl.	čofogon
C	čofé, -ehe

	Singular
N	k͔ob skin 96
G	-bên
D	-ond
Loc.-Abl.	-ogan

	Singular
N	nob glove 96
G	-bên
D	-ond
Loc.-Abl.	-ogan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ol head 96, 166	N	oloǥ 166	N	olet (olt)
G	olên, oln			G	oldet
D	olond
Abl.	ológan 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	porg coat 96, 168	N	porgog 96, 168	N	porgat 96, pórgat 168
G	-rgên 96, porgon 168
D	-rgond
Loc.-Abl.	porgogan 96, 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	k͔org bear 96, korg 168	N	korgog 96, korǥoǥ 168	N	korgat 96, 168
G	korgon 96, 168
D	-rgond 96
Loc.-Abl.	-ógan 96, korǥógan 168
In.-El.	-rgannan 96, 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	loh spirit 96, 168	N	lohóg 96, lohóǥ 168	N	lohat 96, lohat 168
G	lohan 96, 168
All.	lohan 96, 168
In.-el.	lohannan 96, 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pŏ́k͔ net 100, pŏk’ 167, pok͔ 170	N	pokog 100, 170, pokóǥ 167	N	pok͔at (-a͑t) 100, pókat 162, pokat 167
G	pókon, pokkon 100, pokon 167, 170
A	pokop 167
D	-kond, -kkond 100, pokond 159, 167
Loc.-Abl.	pokógan 100, 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	šŏk͔ шуга 100, šok͔ 170	N	sok͔óg 100, šok͔og 170	N	šok͔at 100
G	sok͔on, -kkon 100, šokon 170
D	-kond, -kkond 100
Loc.-Abl.	-k͔ogan

	Singular		Dual
N	opt hair 100, 168	N	optoh 168
G	-tan 100
D	-tond
Loc.-Abl.	optogan 100, optógan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ud hand 96, ud(a) 165	N	udóg (-x) 96, udóx, udóh 162, udóh (-g, -h̵) 165	N	údêt 96, udeat (or udêt) 165
G	údên 96, udon, udeal‿lî, udean‿mun 165	G	udógan 96, 165	G	údêdên 96, udadan 165
A	údêp (-m) 96, udop 160, 165	A	udógap 165	A	udaεdaεp 96, udadap 165
D	udónd 96, udond 165	D	udogend 162 (udógand в свою руку [being singular local 3S] 165)	D	(údadand) [in brackets] 165
Loc.-Abl.	udógan 96, loc. udogat (-n) 161, udógan or -gaot 165, abl. udógan 160, udógaon or -gaot 165	Loc.	udógan 162, “not used (as singular)” 165
P	udoút 96
				All.	udaεdaεn 96
				In.-el.	údaεdaεnán 96 “not used” 165
C	udehé or udé 96, 165, udehe 161	C	“not used (as singular)” 165	C	udadé 96

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kod, kud(a) who 75	N	kodéak	N	kodet
G	kodat	G	kodéagan (-t)
A	kodap
C	kodahé	C	kodeaǥe	C	kudedé
All.	kodan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pulb boil 96, 168	N	pulbog 96, pulbóg 168	N	pulbat 96, púlbat 168
G	pulbên 96, pulben 168
D	-ónd 96, pulbond 168
Loc.-Abl.	-ógan 96, pubogan [sic] 168
C	-ehé or -é

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	und beard 96	N	undog 96, undōg GSL81	N	undaεt
G	undên
D	unnónd 96, undond or unnond 159
Loc.-Abl.	undógan 96, undōgon GSL81

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	njulg пихта 96, njolg 168	N	njulgóg 96, njolgog 168	N	njulgat 96, njolgaet 168
G	-lgot 96, njulgon 168
D	-lgónd 96
Loc.-Abl.	-lgogan 96, njolgogan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	mun finger 96, 100, 168	N	munóg 96, munoǥ 168	N	múnaεt 96, munat or munt 100, munt 162, múnat (munt) 168
G	-nên 96, munon 168			G	munden (-t) 168
D	munond 96, 168, munond or munt 100
Loc.-Abl.	munogan 96, 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	au mother 94, 166, 167	(N	auag, awāg 94, auag 167, auaǥ 166 [/awa/ ‘mommy’])	N	aut 94, 162, auat 166
G	aun 94, 167, auan 166			G	auden 94
A	aup 94, 166, 167
(D	auand 94, 167 [Castrén has confused /e̮wə/: /ewä-/ ‘mother’, not normally used absolute, with the interjective /awa/ ‘mommy’, normally not declined])
C	auhe 166
(In.-El.	auannan 94, 166, 167 [/awa/ ‘mommy’])

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pêl (päl) bridge 99, 97, 166	N	pêlog (pêlog 166)	N	pêlet (pelt?) (pêlet (-lt) 166)
D	pêlond 99, 97, 166
G	pêln 99			G	pêlden 166
Loc.-Abl.	pêlogon (pêlógan 166)

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čeu glue 94, 167	N	-weag 94	N	čeut 94, 167
G	čeun
D	-wend 94
Loc.-Abl.	čeweagan 94, 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ênd bow 97, end 168	N	endóg	N	éndät
G	êndên 97, endän 168
D	êndond [sic] 97, ennond 168
Abl.	endógan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	lêmb eagle 97, 169, †lîmb GSL169	N	lêmbog 97, 169, †lîmboǥ GSL169	N	-mbat 97
G	-mban 97, 169, †lîmben GSL169
A	†lîmbep GSL169
P	†lîmbeut [sic] GSL169
C	†lîmbehe GSL169
All.	-mb‹a›n 97, †lîmben GSL169
In.-el.	†lîmbena‹n› GSL169

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kîl breast 97, 99	N	kîlog 97, 99, kilóg 166	N	kîlet (kîlt) 97, 99, 166
G	kîlen 97, 169			G	kilden 97, 99
D	kîlond 97, 99, 166
Loc.-Abl.	kilógan 97, 99, 165

	Singular
N	îl bottom 99, il 97
D	ilond 99, 97, îlond 166
Loc.-Abl.	ilógan (local 3S ilogand) 99, ilogan 166

	Singular
N	čî̆k͔ leather 100
G	-k͔an
D	-k͔ond
Loc.-Abl.	-k͔o‹gan›

	Singular		Dual (irregular)		Plural
N	tap he 71, Wa418, 16	N	tabeak, tabeg 73, tabéag	N	tabat (-n), tábat 73, †tabet GSL269, Nm tábêt 71
G	taban 71, taben‿mî свой, его 113	G	tabéagan (-t)	G	tábadan 73, Nm tábedêt 71
A	tabap
				All.	tabadan 73, Nm tabedên 71
C	tafé or tabé	C	tabeǥé (note a drops) 71, tabeǥé 147	C	tabadé 71, Nm tabedé 71
All.	tában 71

Weak [front] vowels (ä, ö, y, e, i)

98 The most words belonging here take as connecting vowels:

a) -e- in genitive, dative, accusative singular and plural

b) -ea- in ablative singular (by inanimates (otherwise -e-)) and [nominative] dual [preaspiration before k͔].

Monosyllabic [ie. disyllabic] words with ä in the stem take also in genitive and accusative singular and plural the connecting vowel ä.

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	käd gut 98, 168	N	kädéag 98, 168	N	kädät (-det) 98, kädät 168
G	kädän (-den) 98, kädäen 168			G	kädädän 168
A	kädap 168
D	kädend 98, 168
Loc.-Abl.	kädeagan 98, kädéagan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	päl 1. calf of leg, 2. partner 99, [without translation] 169	N	[false] pälg or [correct] päleag 99, päleag 169	N	pält (pälet) 99, pält 169
G	päln 99, 169			G	pälden 99
D	[false] pält 99
All.	päln 169
In.-el.	pälnnán 99, pälnnan 169

	Singular				Plural
N	el step 99			N	elt
G	eln
D	[false] elt

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	éd village 98, 168, ed 169, †ēd GSL169	N	edeag 98, 168, GSL169, edeaǥ 169	N	edet 98, 168, GSL169
G	eden 98, 168, 169, †ēden GSL169
A	†ēdep GSL169
D	edend 98, 159, 169, †ēdend GSL169
Loc.-Abl.	edeagan 98, 169, GSL169, locative edegan (-t) 160
P	édéut 98, †ēdeut GSL169, GSL81
C	edehe 161, †ēdehe GSL169

“N celd day, sun: G -lden: D -ldend: Loc-abl. -ldeagan: dual celdeag: plural celdet 98, čeld sol: čelden: -deagan 169” [Px3S declined! (The same is found in GSL81-82) The paradigm is not deleted, only added the following, marked as correct:]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čel day 98, 169	N	čeleag 98, 169, GSL81	N	čelet 98
G	čeln
D	-lend
Loc.-Abl.	čeleagan 98, 169, GSL81

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	nieu earthworm 94, 167	N	nieweag 94, nieuweag 167	N	niewat 94, 167
G	nieun 94
D	niewend
A	nieup or niewep
Loc.-Abl.	nieweagan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	peak͔ elk 100, peak 167	N	peak͔og 100, peakog (-eg) 167	N	peak͔at 100
G	peak͔аn, -k͔k͔an 100, peakan 167
All.	-k͔an 100, peaken (-an) 167
In.-el.	-k͔annan 100, peakannan 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	teb man 98, 169	N	tebéag 98, tebeag 169	N	tebet 98
G	teben 98, 169
A	-bep 98
D	-end 169
All.	teben 98
In.el.	-bennan 98, 169

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pedš (-č) axe 170	N	pedšeag	N	pedšet
G	pedšen
D	pedšend
Abl.	pedšogan [sic, -o-]
C	pedšehé

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	teu tooth 94, 167	N	teweag or tewag 94, tewéag 167	N	te‹ut› or tewat 94, 167, téua͑t 162
G	teun 94, teun (teuan (-w-)) 167
A	tewep 167
D	tewend 94, 167
Loc.-Abl.	teweagan 94, tewéagan 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tib peg 98, 169	N	tibeag 98, 169	N	tibet
G	tiben 98, 169
D	-bend 98, 169
Loc.-Abl.	-beaagan [sic]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tít, titt cloud 100, tit 169	N	titeag 100, titéag 169, titeah (-ga) 162	N	titat 162
G	titen
D	titend 100, 169
Loc.-Abl.	titeagan 100, títegan 169

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	šiu ashes 94, 167	N	šiweag 94, šiweaǥ‹_› 167	N	šiut or šiwat 94, ši‹v›et 167
G	šiun 94, šíun 167			G	šiuden 94
A	šiup 94
D	šiwend 94, 167, šivend 159
Loc.-Abl.	šiweagan 94, šiveagan 167
P	†šiweun GSL167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čýnd horse 98, cönd 159, čynd 164	N	čyndéag 98, cöndeaǥa 162, čyndéah 164, †čyndeaǥ GSL169	N	čýndêt or [Nm?] -dät 98, čöndät 162, čyndat, čynden 164
G	čýndên, [Nm?] cyndän 98, čýndeän 164	G	čyndéagan 98, 164	G	čýndeden or [Nm?] -ädän 98, čöndädäl‿lî, čyndädän‿opt 163, čýndadan 164
A	čýndep, [Nm?] cyndäp 98, čyndem, čyndep 160, čýndäep 164	A	čyndéagap 164	A	čyndedep, [Nm?] -dädäp 98, čöndädap 163, čýndadap 164
P	(čyndút) or -äút, [Nm?] cýndéut 98, čyndut 164, †čyndeut GSL169	P	čyndeagút 164	P	čyndenut, [Nm?] cyndänäút 98, čyndenút 164
C	čyndêähé or [Nm?] cyndé (čyndahé 98, čyndé 164	C	čyndeagé 163, čyndeaǥé 164	C	čyndeädé or [Nm?] cyndäse 98, čöndedehe (čöndädé) 163, čyndadé (-dedé) (-ehe) 164
All.	čýnden, [Nm?] cyndän 98, cöndan 159, čyndeän 164	All.	čyndéagan 164	All.	čyndêdên or [Nm?] cyndädän 98, čyndädän 163, čýndadan 164
In.-el.	čýndênnán, [Nm?] -ä- 98, čöndennan 160, čyndannan 164	In.-el.	čyndéagannán 164	In.-el.	cýndedennan, [Nm?] cýndêdênnán (-dädännán) 98, čöndedennan 163, čýndadannan 164

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	töš lizard 98, 169	N	töšeag 98, 169	N	töset 98
G	töšen 98, 169
All.	-šen 98
In.-el.	-šennan 98, 169

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	njöš host 98, 169	N	njöšeag 98, 169	N	-šet 98
G	-šen 98, 169
Loc.-Abl.	-šeagan 98
All.	-šen

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	yn strap 100, 166, G85	N	[false] yng or yngae [sic, supposed to be the correct form *yneag] 100, yngae or ynǥ 166	N	ynt or ynet 100, 166, ynt 162
G	yn 100, yn‿ug 166, ynn (yn) or ynen G85	G	yngan‿ug 166	G	ynden 166
A	ynep 166			A	yndep
D	[false] ynt 100, yn‹t?› 166, ynt or [correct] ynend G85
Loc.-Abl.	[false] yngan 100, G85, ynegan, [false] yngan 166
C	yné, ynhé 166			C	yndé
					El. yndennan

Monosyllabic [ie. disyllabic] words on -g (or -ng) with ä in the stem take (beside -e-) also -ö- in genitive etc.:

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ög hat 98, 168	N	ögeag 98, ögéag (-x) 168	N	ögöt (öget) 98, ög‹a›t 168
G	ögön (ögen) 98, ögeön 168
D	ögend 98, 168
Loc.-Abl.	ögeagan 98, ögéagan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	öng запор 98, 168	N	öngeag 98, 168	N	öngöt (-et) 98, öngaöt 168
G	-ngon [ɔ: öngön] (-ngen) 98, öngoön (öngot‿par, öngon‿ug) 168
D	öngend 98, 168
Loc.-Abl.	öngeagan 98, öngéagan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pöu boil 94, 168	N	pöweag 94, pöwéag 168	N	pöut or pöwat 94, 168
G	pöun 94, 168
D	pöwend 94
Loc.-Abl.	pöweagan 94, 168
All.	pöwan 168

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	töu larch 94, 168	N	-weag 94, töueag 168	N	töut or töuat 94, töuat or töwat 168
G	töun 94
D	töwend 94, 168
Loc.-Abl.	-weagan

(Partly preserved i-stem:)

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	k͔aĕ, k͔ae what 76	N	k͔aeg = k͔aieag	N	k͔ait
G	k͔aen	G	k͔aiegan
Loc.-Abl.	k͔aeógo [sic] = k͔ajógan

Consonant stems

101 Nouns on -k (-k͔), -p, -t [= both schwa stems with geminates, and consonant stems, both stops and nasals] can be divided into two classes, one of which is declined regularily, preserving k (k͔), p, t, the other irregularily, so that k (k͔), p, t in some cases undergo certain transformations.

These deviations are the following:

1. The named consonants, that by nouns of the first class always (also in nominative) are invariable, are in the second transformed in nominative singular before vowels and weak consonants: p to m, t to n, k (k͔) to ng.

2. In the other cases they transform also before vowels (and weak consonants): p to u or m?, t to d, k is deleted between two vowels, k͔ changes to ǥ. (Deleted note: ǥ between two vowels is usually deleted)

3. The connecting vowel is omitted in dative, ablative and instructive singular, and in dual.

Among the words on -p and -k͔ there is an intermediate class, that in genitive etc. changes k, p to b, ǥ [sic], but in other cases follows the irregular declination.

[p-stems]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tóp brim 104, top 169	N	topk͔ 104, 169	N	tobat 104, 169
G	toban 104, 169
D	topt or [false] tobond 104, topt 169
Loc.-Abl.	topk͔an or [false] tobógan 104, topkan 169

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	njáp duck 104, 169	N	njapk 104, njápk͔ 169	N	njabat 104, 162, njábat 169, njaut [sic] or njabet 169
G	-ban 104, njabean 169, njaun [sic] 169
D	-pt ([false] -bond) 104, njapt 169
Loc.-Abl.	-pk͔an ([false] -bog‹an›) 104, njapkan 169
In.	njabannan 160

	Singular		Dual
N	káp tinder 104, kap 169	N	kapk͔ 104, 169
G	kaban 104, 169
D	-pt ([false] -bond) 104, kapt 169
Loc.-Abl.	-pk͔an 104, kapkan = [false] kabógan 169

[m-stems]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	k͔ŏp person 104, kup 159, 162, k͔op 166, kop 169	N	k͔opk͔a 104, koupka 162, kopka 163, k͔opk͔(a) 166, kopk͔a 169	N	k͔ut 104, 166, kut 159, 162, 169
G	k͔uun 104, 169, k͔un 166			G	k͔uden 104, k͔údan 166
A	k͔up 166, kup 160			A	k͔udap 166
C	k͔ofe 104, kofé (-phé) 161, koffé 163, k͔ofé 166	C	kopkahe 163	C	kudehé (kudé) 163
All.	k͔uun 104, 169, k͔un 166, kúna 159	All.	kopkan 163	All.	k͔udan 166
In.-el.	k͔unnan 104, 166, 169, kuunnan 160		El. kopkannan 163	In.-el.	kudennan 163, k͔udannan 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	nŏp God 104, nop 166	N	nopk͔a 104, 166, G81, GSL177	N	†nuut G81, †nūt GSL177
G	nuun 104, 169, nut, nun 161, nun 166, †núun G81, †nūn GSL177
A	(nominative †nop (“should surely be *nūp, but this form I have not attested”) GSL177, G81)
P	††núummen G81, †nommen, [false] ††nū’un GSL177
C	nofé 104, 166, nofè G81, nofe GSL177
All.	nuun 104, 166, †nú‹u›n G81, †nūn GSL177
In.-el.	nunnan 104, 166, †núunnàn G81, †nūnan GSL177

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kăp blood 104, kap 169	N	k͔apk͔a 104, kapk 169	N	k͔aut 104, kaut 169
G	kaun or kîun 104, 169
D	kapt 104, 169
Abl.	kapkan 169
All.	kamn 104, 169
El.	kaunnan 169

	Singular
N	ŏrp strength 104, orp 169
G	oruun 104, orun 169
C	orfé 169

	Singular
N	terăp roe 104, terap 169
G	teruun 104, terun 169
D	terpt 104, 169
Loc.-Abl.	terapk͔an 104, terapkan 169
All.	teremn 104, 169

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	lep board 166, G81	N	lepka 166, †lepk͔a G81, GSL177	N	leut 166, G81, GSL177
G	leun (leut‿p[ar]) 166, leun G81	G	lepkan 166	G	leudan 166
A	(nominative lep or) leup 166, (nominative lep (“should surely be *leum, but this form I have not attested”) GSL177, G81)	A	lepkap	A	leudap (or nominative leut)
D	lept = lemd 166, G81, †lept?, †lemd GSL177
Loc.	lepkan 166, †lepk͔àn or †lemǥàn G81, †lepk͔an, †lemǥan GSL177	Loc.	lepkagan		Loc. leudagan?
P	†lemmèn [sic, -è-] G81, †lemmen, [false] †leú’un GSL177
C	lefe 166, GSL177, lefè G81	C	lepkae	C	leudé
		All.	lepkan	All.	leudan
				In.	leudennan

[t-stems]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	mat house 101, mat (-n) 170	N	matka 101, 170, mátka 162, †matk͔a G82	N	madaεt 101, madät 170, mádat 162, †madэt G82
G	madan 101, 170, †mádên (†madan) G82			G	madaεdaεn 101, madadan 170
A	madap 101, madep 170, †mádêp G82			A	madadap 163
D	mat, matt 101, mat’ 170, mā́ta 159, †mátta (†mattэ) G82
Loc.-Abl.	matkan 101, matk͔an 170, locative matk͔an 160, matkat 161, †mátk͔àn [sic, -à-] G82
P	†manmèn [sic, -è-] G82, †manmen GSL177
				In.-el.	madannan 101, madanan 170
C	(mathe) = mase (-ts-) or massé 101, (genitive 3S †matse or) †masʃè G82			C	(madasé) or madadé 101

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tö́t otter 101, töt 169, töt (-n) 170, †töt G82	N	tötka 101, 170, tötk͔ 169, †tötk͔a G82	N	tödet 101, tödät 170, †tödeэt G82
G	töden (-daεn) 101, tödän 169, tödan 170, †tödên G82			G	tödädän 170
A	tödep (-t-) 170, †tödêp G82
D	tött [changed to allative töden] 101, töt’ 170, †tött(э) G82
Abl.	tötk͔an 170
P	†tönmèn G82, †tönmen GSL177
C	tösʃé 161, †tösse G82
All.	töden 101, GSL177, tödän 159, †tödèn G82
In.-el.	tödennan 101, †tödênnàn G82

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kát forehead 101, kat (-n) 170	N	katka	N	kadat (kádat 162)
G	kadan 101, 170
D	katt 101, kat’ 170, kat 159
Loc.-Abl.	katkan

	Singular
N	y̆́t (öt) water 159, öt 170
D	yt?, öt (NB. nominative yöt and dative yt are pronounced similarly) 159, öt 170
L	ötkan (-t) 160, ytkat 161
C	yssé 161

[n-stems]

	Singular		Dual
N	čat sinew 161, čat (-n) 170	N	čatka 162
D	čat’ 170
C	čassé 161

[k-stems]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tabek squirrel 102, tabék 162, 167	N	tabeak͔ 102, tabéak͔ 167, tabeak G80	N	tabet 102, tabét 162, 167
G	-ben 102, 167
A	tabep 160			A	tabedap 163
D	(-kt) 102, tabékt 167
All.	-ben 102, 167
In.-El.	-bennan 102, tabénnan 167

(Similarly as tä́däk siberian pine:)

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	abak lid 103, abäk 167	N	abäk͔	N	abít 103, abî́t 167, †abit G80, GSL175
G	aban 103, abî́t (-n) 167, †abìn G80, †abin GSL175
D	abäkt 103
All.	abegn
Abl.	äbäkkan [sic, ä-]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	hŏ́k͔ cape 103, hok 167	N	hok͔ or [false] hok͔og 100, hok’ 167	N	hogat ([false] hokat) 100, hogat 167, hógat 162
G	hṓgon 103, hogon 167
A	[empty]
D	hokt or [false] hokond 103, hokt 167
Loc.-Abl.	hokan (hokkan), [false] hokógan 103, hokkon (-an) 167

	Singular
N	šák͔ (-k) salt 103, šak 167
G	šágan 103, šagan 167
D	šakt (or [false] šakond) 103, šakt 167
Loc.-Abl.	šakan ([false] šakogan) 103, šakan 167

[ŋ-stems]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ak mouth 102, āk 167	N	ak͔ 102, 167	N	āt 102, 167
G	an 102, ān 103
A	agep 167, (nominative ak) 102
D	akt 102, 159, ákt 167
Loc.-Abl.	ak͔an 102, akan (-kk-) 160, akkan (-k-) 167
C	axe (-h) 102 (axé 147, axé (kh = x)) 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ok collar 102, ōk 167	N	ok͔ 102, 167	N	ōt 102, oot 167
G	on, o’on 102, o’on 103, on 167 (deleted: ogon, oon 103)
A	ogep 167
D	okt 102, 167
Loc.-Abl.	okan 102, okken (okan) 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	k͔ok (-k͔) chief 102, 166	N	ko’ok (kook) 102, kok͔, ko’ok͔ 166	N	ko’ot (koot) (kot 162, 163, kó’ot 166)
G	ko’on, koon 102, ko’on 103, 115, kó’on (= -oo-) 166			G	ko’odan (kood-) 102, 166
A	ko’op, koop 102, kó’op 163			A	ko’odap 166
All.	ko’on, koon 102, kón 159, ko’on 166
In.-el.	ko’onnan (-oo-) 102, 166
C	kohé 102, kóhe 166			C	ko’odé 102, kóodé 166
				In.-el.	ko’od‹e›n‹an› (-oo-) 102, ko’odennan 166
				All.	kodan 163, kó’odan 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	šapák pocket 102, 167	N	šapak͔(a) 102, šapak͔ 167	N	šapát 102, 167, šapát 162
G	šapán 102, šapan 167	G	šapak͔an 102	G	šapaεdaεn 102
A	(nominative šapak or) -p 102	A	šapakap	A	šapadap
D	šapakt 102, 167
Loc.-Abl.	šappakan 102, šapakan (-kk-) 167, šapakan 160
C	šapahé (-x-)	C	šapak͔ae [sic]	C	šapadé
		All.	šapak͔an	All.	šapaεdaεn
				In.-el.	šapadaεnnan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kanák dog 120, kanàk G79	N	kanak͔ or -ka 120, kanáka 162, kanàk͔ G79	N	kanát 120, 163, kanat 162, kanàt G79
G	kanán (-aan) 120, kanan‿ol dog’s head 159, kanàn G79
A	kanap 120, G79
D	kanakt G79
Abl.	kanakan G79
P	[false] †kanaùn (†kanakmen) G79, [false] †kanakmen, [correct] †kanangmen, [false] †kanaun GSL177
C	kanahé (-xe) 120, kanahé 161, kanahè G79, kanaxe GSL177	C	kanaké 163	C	kanadehé (-dé) 163
All.	kanan 120, 159, kanàn G79	All.	kanakan	All.	kanádan 163
In.-el.	kanánnán 120, kanannan 160, G79	El.	kanakannan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pá̆lgok морожка 102	N	palgok	N	palgot
G	-lgon
D	-kt
Loc.-Abl.	-lgokan
In.-el.	(-nnan)

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	holak spoon 102, holák 167	N	holak͔ 167	N	holát
G	holan 102, 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	nódê͑k sterlet 103, †nódek G80, †nodek GSL175			N	nodit 103, G80, GSL175
G	nodín 103, G80, †nodin GSL175

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tä́däk, tädík siberian pine 103, tädäk 162, 166	N	tädäk͔ 103, 166	N	tädit 103, G80, [tä]-dít 162, tädît 166, †tedít GSL175
G	tädín 103, 166, †tedin GSL175			G	tädîden 103, tädídän 166
A	(nominative tädäk or) tädíp 103, tädip 166			A	tädidep 103, tädídäp 166
D	tädäkt 103, 166
Loc.-Abl.	tädäkan 103, tädäkkan 166
C	tädähe (-x-) 103, tädähé 166
All.	tädängn 166
				In.-el.	tädidennan 103, tädidännan 166

NB. Here is usually the first syllable accented, and a, ä in the end sound like a schwa, close to Russian ы. 103

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	nedek girl 102, nädek 159, nedek 167	N	nedeak͔ 102, G80, nedeak 167	N	nedet 102, nedét 162, 167
G	neden 102
D	(-kt) 102, nedekt 167
All.	neden 102, 167, näden 159
In.-el.	nedennan 102, 167

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	pälek side 102, pelek G80	N	pälek͔ 102, peleak͔ G80	N	pälet
G	-len 102
D	p lekt [sic]
Loc.-Abl.	-lek͔an

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	k͔ök, kök black grouse 103, 167	N	kök	N	köuat
G	köun			G	köuden
D	kökt
Loc.-Abl.	kökan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tönak sleeve 120, 166, tö́nak 162	N	tönak͔ 120, tönák͔ 166	N	tönat 120, töna’at 162, tönát (-aat) 166
G	tönan 120, 166	G	tönakan 166	G	tönádan 166
A	tönap 166	A	tönakap	A	tönádap
D	tönakt 120, tönakt 159, 166
Loc.-Abl.	tönakan 160, 166, tönak͔an GSL177	Loc.-Abl.	tönakagan	Loc.	tönádagan
C	tönahé 166, tönaxe GSL177	C	tönakae	C	tönádé
		All.	tönakan	All.	tönádan
				In.	[tönád]-ennan

[j-stems]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	njai bread 92, 168	N	[false] njajog 92, 168	N	njaet 92, njait (-et) 168, njait 162
G	njaen 92, njajen 168			G	-eden 168
D	[false] njajond 92, njai [sic] 168
Abl.	njajegan 168
C	njaihe

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čahai thatch 92, 168	N	[false] -jog 92, čahájag 168	N	-aet 92, čahait 168
G	-aen 92, -hain 168
D	[false] -jond 92, 168
Abl.	caháigan 168
P	čahajut 92, -jut 168

[ľ-stems]

100 Also nouns on -lj usually omit the connecting vowel.

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	aolj chin 100, 170, G84, aoľ GSL179	N	aoljg 100, 170	N	aoljt or -ljet 100, aoljet 170
G	aoljn 100, G84, ắoljn 170, aoľn GSL179			G	aoljden 170
D	aoljdš 100, 170, G84, aoľdš GSL179
Loc.-Abl.	aoljgan 100, 170, G84, aoľgan GSL179

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	šölj navel 100, 170	N	šöljg 100, 170	N	šöljt? or -ljet 100, šöljet 170
G	šöljn
D	šöljdš
Loc.-Abl.	šöljgan

[ś, s-stems]

100 Here belong also nouns on the sibilants -s, -š, that delete the connecting vowel, and in (ablative singular) and dual after the hard vowel [ɔ: consonant] take a k͔ with following a.

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čoš tallow 100, 170, G85, GSL176	N	čošk͔a	N	čošt 100, G85, GSL176, čošet 170
G	čošn
D	čošt
Loc.-Abl.	čoškan 100, čošk͔an G85

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	hebandies lead 100, 170, G85	N	hebandiesk͔a	N	hebandiest 100, G85
G	hebandiesn 100, G85
D	hebandiest 100, 170, G85
Loc.-Abl.	hebandiesk͔an

[r-stems]

99 Nouns on -r neglect the connecting vowel:

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	tar wool 99, 166, G83	N	targ 99, 166, †tarǥ G83, GSL178	N	tart 99, 166, G83, GSL178
G	tarn 99, G83
D	tart
Loc.-Abl.	targan 99, †targàn G83
P	[false] †tarún G83, †tarun GSL178
C	†tarhè G83, †tarhe GSL178
All.	†tarn G83, GSL178
In.-el.	†tarnan GSL178

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	padar band 99, 166	N	padarg 99, 166	N	-rt
G	-rn 99
D	-rt
Loc.-Abl.	-rgan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	šogor oven 99	N	šohorg [sic, -h-] 99, šogorg 166	N	šohort [sic, -h-] 99, šogort 166
G	-rn
D	šogort 99, 166
Loc.-Abl.	-rgan 99

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kušer куря 99, 166	N	kušerg 99, -rg or -rog 166	N	kušert 99, 166
G	-rn 99
D	kušert 99, 166
Loc.-Abl.	-rgan 99

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	hîr cow 99, G83, GSL178, xir 159	N	hîrg 99, hirga 162, hîrǥ G83, GSL178	N	hirt 163, 162, hîrt G83, GSL178
G	hîrn 99, G83, GSL178			G	hîrdäl‿lî 163
A	hirp 160 (nominative hîr (“the expected *hîrp I have nowhere attested”) GSL178, G83)			A	xirdap
D	hîrt G83
Loc.-Abl.	hîrgan G83
P	[false] hîrún G83, hîrun GSL178
C	hîrhè G83, hîrhe GSL178
All.	hîrn 99, G83, GSL178, xirn 159	All.	hirgan 163	All.	hirdän
In.-el.	hîrnnan 99, 160, G83, hîrnan GSL178	El.	hirgannan	In.	hirdennan

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	čeher snare 99, čêhêr 166	N	čeherg [deleted: or -rog] 99, čeherg, -rog 166	N	cehert 99, čêhert 166
G	čehern 99, čêhêrn 166	G	čehergan 166	G	čeherden 99, 166
A	ceherp 99, čêherp 166	A	čêhergap	A	-rdep 99, čeherdaep 166
D	čehert 99, 166
Loc.-Abl.	čehergan 99, 166	Loc.	č̢ehergagat (-n)	Loc.	čehêrdagat 166
P	čeherut 99
C	čeherhé 99, čêherhe 166	C	čehergaé	C	čeherde 99, čeherdé 166
		All.	(—)	All.	čeherden 99, 166
				In.-el.	čeherdennan 99, čehêrdennan 166

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	ingar невеска 99, 166	N	ingarg 99, ingarǥ, -rog 166	N	ingart 99, 166
G	ingarn
All.	ingarn 99, 159
In.-el.	ingarnnan 99, 166

[l-stems]

99 Nouns on -l sometimes neglect the connecting vowel, especially in dative and ablative, but usually keep it in nominative plural. In the other plural cases it can be omitted. [Followed by limited paradigms where the schwa stems /pelə/ ‘calf’ or /pelə/ ‘partner’, and ēlə ‘step’ are given false forms dative pält, elt, dual pälg (or correct päleag). kel ‘pit’ is mentioned, but without forms. Then îl ‘bottom’ etc. correctly inflected as schwa stems]

	Singular		Dual		Plural
N	kêl pit 97, †kel GSL179	N	†kelǥ (†keloǥ)	N	†kelt
G	kêlen [without translation] 169, †keln GSL179
D	kêlond or kêldš 97, keldš or kelond (or local 3S kelógond) 99, kelond or keldš 159, keldš в яму 170, †keldš GSL179
Abl.	†kelǥan GSL179